Abstract
Current efforts aim to accelerate cadastral mapping through innovative and automated approaches and can be used to both create and update cadastral maps. This research aims to automate the detection of visible land boundaries from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery using deep learning. In addition, we wanted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of programming-based deep learning compared to commercial software-based deep learning. For the first case, we used the convolutional neural network U-Net, implemented in Keras, written in Python using the TensorFlow library. For commercial software-based deep learning, we used ENVINet5. UAV imageries from different areas were used to train the U-Net model, which was performed in Google Collaboratory and tested in the study area in Odranci, Slovenia. The results were compared with the results of ENVINet5 using the same datasets. The results showed that both models achieved an overall accuracy of over 95%. The high accuracy is due to the problem of unbalanced classes, which is usually present in boundary detection tasks. U-Net provided a recall of 0.35 and a precision of 0.68 when the threshold was set to 0.5. A threshold can be viewed as a tool for filtering predicted boundary maps and balancing recall and precision. For equitable comparison with ENVINet5, the threshold was increased. U-Net provided more balanced results, a recall of 0.65 and a precision of 0.41, compared to ENVINet5 recall of 0.84 and a precision of 0.35. Programming-based deep learning provides a more flexible yet complex approach to boundary mapping than software-based, which is rigid and does not require programming. The predicted visible land boundaries can be used both to speed up the creation of cadastral maps and to automate the revision of existing cadastral maps and define areas where updates are needed. The predicted boundaries cannot be considered final at this stage but can be used as preliminary cadastral boundaries.
Highlights
The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) architecture, namely U-Net, based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery training samples, as a deep learning-based detector for visible land boundaries
The results show that most visible land boundaries were correctly detected, which demonstrates the ability of the UAV imagery and network models to detect these types of land boundaries, especially in rural areas
Deep learning is becoming increasingly important in cadastral applications as a state-of-the-art method for automatic boundary detection
Summary
Accelerating cadastral mapping to establish a complete cadastre and keeping it upto-date is a contemporary challenge in the domain of land administration [1,2]. Cadastral mapping is considered the first step in establishing cadastral systems and serves as the basis for defining the boundaries of land units to which land rights refer [3]. Mapping the boundaries of land rights in a formal cadastral system helps to increase land tenure security [4]. The challenge of accelerating the creation of cadastral maps is present mainly in developing regions with low cadastral coverage [5]. To overcome the challenge of accelerating cadastral mapping while providing up-to-date land data, low-cost and rapid cadastral surveying and mapping techniques are required [5,8]
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