Abstract
BackgroundRepetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)/ Deep-brain Magnetic Stimulation (DMS) is an effective therapy for various neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression disorder. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the impacts of rTMS/DMS on the brain are not yet fully understood.ResultsHere we studied the effects of deep-brain magnetic stimulation to brain on the molecular and cellular level. We examined the adult hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal synaptic plasticity of rodent under stress conditions with deep-brain magnetic stimulation treatment. We found that DMS promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis significantly and facilitates the development of adult new-born neurons. Remarkably, DMS exerts anti-depression effects in the learned helplessness mouse model and rescues hippocampal long-term plasticity impaired by restraint stress in rats. Moreover, DMS alleviates the stress response in a mouse model for Rett syndrome and prolongs the life span of these animals dramatically.ConclusionsDeep-brain magnetic stimulation greatly facilitates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and maturation, also alleviates depression and stress-related responses in animal models.
Highlights
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/ Deep-brain Magnetic Stimulation (DMS) is an effective therapy for various neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression disorder
The adult neurogenesis hypothesis of depression has been widely accepted, which postulated that the decline in adult hippocampal neurogenesis contributes to the pathophysiology of depression, while the biogenesis of adult new-born neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of hippocampus is required for the beneficial effects of antidepressant treatment [13,14,15]
DMS promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis To examine the effects of DMS on adult hippocampal neurogenesis in wild-type animals, we applied the DMS protocol to 6 weeks old wild-type mice 20 minutes daily
Summary
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)/ Deep-brain Magnetic Stimulation (DMS) is an effective therapy for various neuropsychiatric disorders including major depression disorder. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a noninvasive approach of brain stimulation, which utilizes an insulated coil placed over the scalp and induces neural activity within the brain [1,2,3]. Repetitive TMS (rTMS) has been proven to modulate motor skills and cognitive function in healthy subjects and exhibits therapeutic effects for patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders [4,5]. In non-human primates, stress led to a decrease in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which was rescued by antidepressant treatment [16]. Chronic rTMS treatment exhibited robust anti-depression effects in animal models and might enhance adult neurogenesis under chronic stress [17,18]
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