Abstract
Montmorillonite clay has a wide range of applications, one of which includes the binding of mycotoxins in foods and feeds through adsorption. T-2 toxin, produced by some Fusarium, Myrothecium, and Stachybotrys species, causes dystrophy in the brain, heart, and kidney. Various formulations that include lemongrass essential oil-modified montmorillonite clay (LGEO-MMT), lemongrass powder (LGP), montmorillonite clay washed with 1 mM NaCl (Na-MMT), montmorillonite clay (MMT), and lemongrass powder mixed with montmorillonite clay (LGP-MMT) were applied to maize at concentrations of 8% and 12% and stored for a period of one month at 30 °C. Unmodified montmorillonite clay and LGP served as the negative controls alongside untreated maize. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the various treatments showed the major functional groups as Si-O and -OH. All treatment formulations were effective in the decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize. Accordingly, it was revealed that the inclusion of Na-MMT in maize at a concentration of 8% was most effective in decontaminating T-2 toxin by 66% in maize followed by LGP-MMT at 12% inclusion level recording a 56% decontamination of T-2 toxin in maize (p = 0.05). Montmorillonite clay can be effectively modified with plant extracts for the decontamination of T-2 toxin.
Highlights
Maize is grown worldwide, with the United States, China, and Brazil ranked as the leading producing countries contributing approximately 563 of the 717 million metric tonnes per year [1].maize, like other cereals, is susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins, including T-2 toxin.T-2 toxin is common in grains, including oats, soybeans, rice, barley, maize, and wheat [2]
Unmodified montmorillonite (MMT) and Na-montmorillonite clay (MMT) had very similar morphology, while LGEO-MMT appeared more agglomerated than the other treatments because of fatty acids present in the crude extracts of Cymbopogon citratus
(c) Montmorillonite clay washed with NaCl (Na-MMT); this figure was published previously in Olopade et al (2019). (d) Montmorillonite clay with lemongrass essential oil (LGEO-MMT); this figure was published previously in Olopade et al (2019). (e) Montmorillonite mixed with Lemongrass powder (LGP-MMT); this figure was published previously in Olopade et al (2019)
Summary
With the United States, China, and Brazil ranked as the leading producing countries contributing approximately 563 of the 717 million metric tonnes per year [1].maize, like other cereals, is susceptible to contamination by mycotoxins, including T-2 toxin.T-2 toxin is common in grains, including oats, soybeans, rice, barley, maize, and wheat [2]. Fusarium langsethiae and F. sporotrichioides are some of the Fusarium species that infect crops in the field and storage during which time they produce T-2 toxin [3]. This toxin belongs to the family of mycotoxins known as the trichothecenes produced mainly by Fusarium sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. poae, and F. culmorum and causing diarrhea, inflammation, and emesis [4,5].
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