Abstract
Decomposition of biomass-derived alkaline-earth metal levulinate and formate salts above 700 K, commonly called thermal deoxygenation (TDO), has previously been demonstrated to produce deoxygenated crude oil at 80% of theoretical yield suitable for refining to gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel. Decomposition in thermogravimetric experiments involves low-temperature (423–623 K) and high-temperature reaction (623–723 K) regimes. The current work presents results of isothermal decomposition and infrared techniques which provide insights into the low-temperature, or Stage I, reactions. Stage I reactions are shown to be primarily addition/condensation reactions between levulinate ketone groups evolving water which equates to 8–15 wt % of the sample. These Stage I reactions account for one-third of theoretical oxygen removal of the levulinate and formate salts while also increasing the molecular weight of the organic fraction. Therefore, Stage I is an important reaction step in the TDO process.
Published Version
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