Abstract
Objective. Here, our objective was to develop a binary decoder to detect task engagement in humans during two distinct, conflict-based behavioral tasks. Effortful, goal-directed decision-making requires the coordinated action of multiple cognitive processes, including attention, working memory and action selection. That type of mental effort is often dysfunctional in mental disorders, e.g. when a patient attempts to overcome a depression or anxiety-driven habit but feels unable. If the onset of engagement in this type of focused mental activity could be reliably detected, decisional function might be augmented, e.g. through neurostimulation. However, there are no known algorithms for detecting task engagement with rapid time resolution. Approach. We defined a new network measure, fixed canonical correlation (FCCA), specifically suited for neural decoding applications. We extracted FCCA features from local field potential recordings in human volunteers to give a temporally continuous estimate of mental effort, defined by engagement in experimental conflict tasks. Main results. Using a small number of features per participant, we accurately decoded and distinguished task engagement from other mental activities. Further, the decoder distinguished between engagement in two different conflict-based tasks within seconds of their onset. Significance. These results demonstrate that network-level brain activity can detect specific types of mental efforts. This could form the basis of a responsive intervention strategy for decision-making deficits.
Highlights
Deficits in effortful executive function, including cognition, attention, and conflict resolution, are a core feature of many mental illnesses [1,2,3,4,5,6]
local field potential (LFP) data was labeled according to whether the participant was engaged in multisource interference task (MSIT), emotional conflict resolution (ECR), or non-task free behavior
Each invasive electroencephalography (iEEG) electrode contact was assigned to an anatomic region of interest label (ROI, figure 1(I)), and fixed canonical correlation (FCCA) and fixed canonical coherence (FCHA) network features were extracted from the LFP
Summary
Deficits in effortful executive function, including cognition, attention, and conflict resolution, are a core feature of many mental illnesses [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) can directly modulate the circuits underlying abnormal behaviors [8] and has been proposed as a more effective approach for treating mental illnesses, including major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [9,10,11]. In a psychiatric aDBS paradigm, detection of a specific goal-directed effort could trigger stimulation to modulate neural activity in a way that augments executive function during that effort [15, 16]. Stimulating the brain during well-defined behavioral states, for example during experimental psychophysical tasks, has repeatedly been shown to enhance mental functions, including value judgments and associative processes [17,18,19,20,21]
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