Abstract
Bignonia is a genus of 28 species of Neotropical lianas. Most species are clearly characterized by morphological features, monophyletic and narrowly distributed. However Bignonia binata is polymorphic, polyphyletic and broadly distributed, from Mexico to Argentina. A detailed morphological survey of B. binata in the light of geographical and ecological data in its current circumscription recovered two clearly distinct morphological groups of plants. One group is found in Argentina, Paraguay and the Atlantic forest of Brazil, and characterized by non-winged stems, usually terminal inflorescences, usually non-glandular calyces, pantoaperturate pollen, narrowly elliptic fruits, and 1-winged seeds. The second group occurs in Central America and Amazonia and is characterized by winged young stems, usually axillary inflorescences, glandular calyces, inaperturate pollen, widely elliptic to circular fruits, and wingless seeds. The first group of plants corresponds to B. binata and the second group is recognized as another species, B. noterophila. Synonyms, morphology, distributions, and ecology are detailed for these newly circumscribed species. Lectotypes are designated for B. noterophila and several synonyms: Adenocalymma ocositense, Arrabidaea schumanniana, and Petastoma laurifolium.
Highlights
Bignonia noterophila was later transferred into Clytostoma by Bureau and Schumann (1896), who recognized a more widely distributed Clytostoma noterophilum (Mart. ex DC.) Bureau & Schumann (1896: 153) that ranged from French Guiana to Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil
The morphological analyses revealed many variable and overlapping characters, such as size and indument of leaves and corollas, which helps explain why B. binata has been treated as a single polymorphic species for more than a century
The morphological features that characterize the second group of plants match the characters of B. noterophila, and its type was collected within the area where this second group of plants is found
Summary
Bignonia Linnaeus (1753: 622) is a monophyletic lineage that was recently re-circumscribed (Lohmann & Taylor 2014) to include nine previously accepted genera: Clytostoma Miers ex Bureau (1868: 353), Cydista Miers (1863: 191), Macranthisiphon Bureau ex Schumann (1894: 219), Mussatia Bureau ex Baillon (1891 [1888]: 32), Osmhydrophora Rodrigues (1891: 49), Phryganocydia Mart. ex Bureau (1872: 18), Potamoganos Sandwith (1937: 220), Roentgenia Urban (1916: 747) and Saritaea Dugand (1945: 262). Freyreiss collected the type specimen of B. binata, but it is known that he travelled to Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro between 1813 and 1818 (Urban 1906: 21), where the first group is distributed.
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