Deciphering the mechanisms of carcinogens: Unravelling the pathways of cancer initiation and progression: An insight into DNA damage, genotoxicity, and epigenetic changes

Abstract

Carcinogens are substances known to induce cancer by altering the genetic material and cellular processes within the human body. Understanding the mode of action of carcinogens is critical for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies against cancer. Cancer remains a significant global health challenge, with carcinogens posing a continuous threat to human well-being. This study explores into the intricate mechanisms by which carcinogens induce cancer, focusing on the interplay of DNA damage, genotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations. Through an analysis of direct and indirect-acting carcinogens, the study elucidates how these agents disrupt cellular DNA, leading to mutations and chromosomal abnormalities. Additionally, the role of genotoxicity in driving oncogenesis is explored, highlighting the importance of assessing carcinogenic risk through cytogenetic genotoxicity methods. The study focused into the direct and indirect DNA damage, genotoxicity, epigenetic changes, inflammation, hormonal effects, and immune system suppression induced by different carcinogens. It intends insight on the intricate interplay between environmental factors and the molecular foundation of carcinogenesis by thoroughly investigating these pathways. By comprehensively examining these pathways, which hope to focus on the complex interplay of carcinogenesis. By understanding these mechanisms, this study aims to inform preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions, ultimately mitigating the global burden of cancer.