Decaffeination and Neuraminidase Inhibitory Activity of Arabica Green Coffee (Coffea arabica) Beans: Chlorogenic Acid as a Potential Bioactive Compound.

Muchtaridi Muchtaridi,Nur Kusaira Khairul Ikram,Habibah A Wahab,Dwintha Lestari,Amirah Mohd Gazzali,Maywan Hariono

doi:10.3390/molecules26113402

Abstract

Coffee has been studied for its health benefits, including prevention of several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, Parkinson’s, and liver diseases. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), an important component in coffee beans, was shown to possess antiviral activity against viruses. However, the presence of caffeine in coffee beans may also cause insomnia and stomach irritation, and increase heart rate and respiration rate. These unwanted effects may be reduced by decaffeination of green bean Arabica coffee (GBAC) by treatment with dichloromethane, followed by solid-phase extraction using methanol. In this study, the caffeine and chlorogenic acid (CGA) level in the coffee bean from three different areas in West Java, before and after decaffeination, was determined and validated using HPLC. The results showed that the levels of caffeine were reduced significantly, with an order as follows: Tasikmalaya (2.28% to 0.097% (97 ppm), Pangalengan (1.57% to 0.049% (495 ppm), and Garut (1.45% to 0.00002% (0.2 ppm). The CGA levels in the GBAC were also reduced as follows: Tasikmalaya (0.54% to 0.001% (118 ppm), Pangalengan (0.97% to 0.0047% (388 ppm)), and Garut (0.81% to 0.029% (282 ppm). The decaffeinated samples were then subjected to the H5N1 neuraminidase (NA) binding assay to determine its bioactivity as an anti-influenza agent. The results show that samples from Tasikmalaya, Pangalengan, and Garut possess NA inhibitory activity with IC50 of 69.70, 75.23, and 55.74 μg/mL, respectively. The low level of caffeine with a higher level of CGA correlates with their higher levels of NA inhibitory, as shown in the Garut samples. Therefore, the level of caffeine and CGA influenced the level of NA inhibitory activity. This is supported by the validation of CGA-NA binding interaction via molecular docking and pharmacophore modeling; hence, CGA could potentially serve as a bioactive compound for neuraminidase activity in GBAC.

Highlights

Indonesia produces at least 10,500.00 bags (60 kg/bags) of coffee per year [1], which contributed to around 6.6% of total coffee production worldwide in 2012 [2]
Crude Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) beans were collected from Garut, Pangalengan, and Tasikmalaya in West Java Province, Indonesia, and the specimens were identified in the Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy Herbarium Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Padjadjaran (Bandung, Indonesia)
From the 20 g of coffee beans used in the extraction, the quantity of liquid extract obtained from Pangalengan, Garut, and Tasikmalaya beans were 8%, 7.5%, and 8%, respectively

Summary

Introduction

Indonesia produces at least 10,500.00 bags (60 kg/bags) of coffee per year [1], which contributed to around 6.6% of total coffee production worldwide in 2012 [2]. The consumption of processed coffee-based products in Indonesia increases by approximately 7.5%. Indonesia produces 700 kg of robusta coffee beans/ha/year and 800 kg of Arabica coffee beans/ha/year. Van Dam (2005) reported that regular consumption of coffee can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus [7], whilst O’Keefe et al (2013) suggested that it may reduce the risk of death caused by cardiovascular diseases [8]. Robusta coffee contains 1.7–4.0% of caffeine, which is almost twice the content of Arabica coffee (0.8–1.4%) [9,10,11,12]. Caffeine is reported to cause side effects, such as insomnia, palpitations, an increase in the frequency of urination, headaches, and other symptoms—this is in addition to its main pharmacological effect as a stimulant [13,14,15,16,17]

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Results

Conclusion