Abstract
Packed-bed reactors with exothermic reactions tend to amplify transient perturbations of input parameters such as feed temperature, composition, flow rate, etc. These can grow into large-amplitude temperature (and concentration) waves-traveling hot spots (THS)-with peak temperatures well above the adiabatic temperature rise. Thus, THS accelerate thermal degradation of the catalyst. If the deactivation is localized (i.e. inactive pellets are surrounded by active catalyst) the THS develop much higher temperatures than they would in a uniformly active bed. The dynamics responsible for this secondary temperature overshoot and further accelerated deactivation is related to ‘wrong-way behavior’. This sequence constitutes a new dynamical mechanism of catalyst deactivation in which a low-activity domain acts as nucleating center for self-accelerated, avalanche-like, catalyst deactivation.
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