De novo Drug Delivery Modalities for Treating Damaged Hearts: Current Challenges and Emerging Solutions.

Syed Baseeruddin Alvi,Divya Sridharan,Wuqiang Zhu,Salmman Ahmed,Henry Wang,Nooruddin Pracha,Zahra Naseer,Nazish Sayed,Konstantinos Dean Boudoulas,Mahmood Khan

doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.742315

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality, resulting in approximately one-third of deaths worldwide. Among CVD, acute myocardial infarctions (MI) is the leading cause of death. Current treatment modalities for treating CVD have improved over the years, but the demand for new and innovative therapies has been on the rise. The field of nanomedicine and nanotechnology has opened a new paradigm for treating damaged hearts by providing improved drug delivery methods, specifically targeting injured areas of the myocardium. With the advent of innovative biomaterials, newer therapeutics such as growth factors, stem cells, and exosomes have been successfully delivered to the injured myocardial tissue, promoting improvement in cardiac function. This review focuses on three major drug delivery modalities: nanoparticles, microspheres, and hydrogels, and their potential for treating damaged hearts following an MI.

Highlights

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects approximately 30 million adults in the United States of America each year, resulting on average in 647,000 deaths [1]
The results demonstrated that the hybrid gel material, when administered to myocardial infarctions (MI)-induced rats, showed proliferation of cardiac cells, enhanced revascularization around the infarcted area, and improved overall left ventricular (LV) function [40]
The discovery of newer functionalized polymers provides an excellent potential for achieving sustained delivery of bioactive growth factors in treating the damaged heart

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects approximately 30 million adults in the United States of America each year, resulting on average in 647,000 deaths [1]. This review highlights the recent advances and strategies adopted to administer growth factors utilizing nanoparticles (NPs), microparticles (MPs), and hydrogels for cardiac repair (Figure 1) and relevant clinical studies. Microparticles have been explored for the localized delivery of stem cells and engraftment, as reported by Savi et al The MPs encapsulating hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were fabricated and complexed with adipose-derived stem cells.

Results

Conclusion