Abstract
The cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis is a devastating pest of cotton causing tremendous loss in the yield of crops each year. Widespread physiological and biological studies on P. solenopsis have been carried out, but the lack of genetic information has constrained our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind its growth and development. To understand and characterize the different developmental stages, RNA-Seq platform was used to execute de-novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression profiling for the eggs, first, second, third instar and adult female stages. About 182.67 million reads were assembled into 93,781 unigenes with an average length of 871.4 bp and an N50 length of 1899 bp. These unigenes sequences were annotated and classified by performing NCBI non-redundant (Nr) database, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), Gene ontology (GO), the Swiss-Prot protein database (Swiss-Prot), and nearest related organism Acyrthosiphon pisum (pea aphid) database. To get more information regarding the process of metamorphosis, we performed a pairwise comparison of four developmental stages and obtained 29,415 differentially expressed genes. Some of the differentially expressed genes were associated with functional protein synthesis, anti-microbial protection, development and hormone biosynthesis. Functional pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed the positive correlation with specific physiological activities of each stage, and these results were confirmed by qRT-PCR experiments. This study gives a valuable genomics resource of P. solenopsis covering all its developmental stages and will promote future studies on biological processes at the molecular level.
Highlights
The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Pseudococcidae) is a genetically diverse and highly destructive invasive insect pest of many horticultural and agricultural crops, worldwide[1]
The mealybug, P. solenopsis is a major invasive pest of cotton destroying a vast range of agriculturally important cash crop
In the absence of complete genome sequences, de novo-transcriptome analysis can help in estimating future gene expression and functional analysis on P. solenopsis
Summary
The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Pseudococcidae) is a genetically diverse and highly destructive invasive insect pest of many horticultural and agricultural crops, worldwide[1] It infests more than 200 different plant species and causes significant yield loss[2,3,4,5,6]. Eight different types of JHs have been identified in insects[21] They are synthesized through the mevalonate pathway (MVAP) and involve thirteen discrete enzymatic reactions. Phylum arthropoda lacks the squalene synthase enzyme, and its synthesis relied on the continuous supply of external sterol source derived from the diet It usually requires dealkylation and a series of hydroxylation steps[19]. These families of genes include: phantom/Cyp306A1 (phm), spook/Cyp307A1 (spo), spookier/Cyp307A2 (spok), shadow/ Cyp315A1 (sad)[24,25,26,27]
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