Abstract
Objectives: This paper presents a switched capacitor based dc to dc step down converter architecture to produce multiple output voltages with low ripple factor for the applications in wireless sensor nodes. The use of energy efficient non overlapping clock generators to minimize short circuit current has been presented. Methods: The proposed architecture consists of the integration of a capacitive ladder based dc to dc step-down converter with a non overlapping clockproduced by a Constant Energy Ring Oscillator (CERO) instead of Current Starved Ring Oscillator (CSRO). The converter produces multiple output voltages as per the requirement of the oscillator. The switched capacitor consists of MOS Transmission gates as switches and the capacitors. All the simulations were performed in the 90nm technology by the Cadence Virtuoso simulator. All the switches in the DC-DC converter were implemented as transmission gates. Findings: A very low ripple voltage output was produced by the DC-DC converter. Its efficiency was found to be greater than 90% with a switching frequency of 500 MHz. Compared with the previous topologies, the number of transistors used was highly reduced. Improvements: A wide range of output voltage from 0.8V to 2.7 V was generated. The ripple voltages were as low as 0.02V at full load conditions. Keywords: DC-DC, Ring Oscillator, Ripple Voltage, Switched Capacitor, Wireless Sensor Nodes (WSN)
Highlights
In today’s wireless industry, with the advent of Internet of Things the use of wireless sensor nodes (WSN) are becoming extremely important
To realize this energy autonomy, energy harvesters come into play. For this purpose the WSNs are designed in such a way that they can adaptively optimize themselves according to the varying load conditions, harvested energy and battery voltage using
The proposed DC to DC converter produces an output of very low ripple voltage
Summary
In today’s wireless industry, with the advent of Internet of Things the use of wireless sensor nodes (WSN) are becoming extremely important. It is of utmost importance that the WSN should require minimal or no maintenance and should be highly energy efficient To realize this energy autonomy, energy harvesters come into play. For this purpose the WSNs are designed in such a way that they can adaptively optimize themselves according to the varying load conditions, harvested energy and battery voltage using. It consists of a high voltage lithium battery which provides power to the various components of the WSN after chopping it down to a suitable voltage which is required for its efficient operation (e.g. 0.6V for microprocessor and 0.45V for SRAM). The requirement of proportionality between power consumed and frequency cannot be fulfilled by a simple ring oscillator
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