Abstract
The formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), two major disinfection by-products (DBPs), from the breakpoint chlorination of three diluted yet buffered (pH 7.0) wastewater effluents was studied. The concentrations and distributions of THMs and HAAs species varied among different effluents at different zones of the breakpoint curves. Nevertheless, some common trends were observed. The formation of chloro-only THMs and HAAs, after normalization with the carbon contents of the effluents, increased with increasing the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) of the effluents but the dependency is not valid for bromo- or bromochloro-DBPs. The formation of THMs and HAAs showed no significant inclination with increasing chlorine dosages up to the breakpoint, but increased sharply beyond the breakpoint dosing level. Bromine incorporations into THMs and HAAs increased with an increasing bromide to DOC molar ratio. In addition, the bromine incorporation was also found to be highly dependent on the chlorine dosage and the bromide to ammonia ratio. A longer reaction time increased the yields of THMs and HAAs and was found to favor the formation of dihalogenated HAAs. A two-stage correlation between the total THMs and the total HAAs was found for each wastewater effluent.
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