Abstract
The scarcity of groundwater and precipitation stations has limited accurate assessments of basin-scale groundwater systems. This study proposes a workflow that integrates satellite and on-site observations to improve the spatial and temporal resolution of the groundwater level and enable recharge estimations for the Choushui River groundwater basin (CRGB) in Western Taiwan. The workflow involves multiple data processing steps, including analysis of correlation, evaluation of residuals, and geostatistical interpolation based on kriging methods. The observed groundwater levels and recharge are then the basis to assess spatial-temporal interactions between groundwater and recharge in the CRGB from 2006 to 2015. Results of correlation analyses show the high correlation between the groundwater level and the land surface elevation in the study area. However, the multicollinearity problem exists for the additional precipitation data added in the correlation analyses. The correlation coefficient, root mean square error, and normalized root mean square parameters indicate that the Regression Kriging (RK) performs better the groundwater variations than the Ordinary Kriging (OK) dose. The data-driven approach estimates an annual groundwater recharge of approximately 1.40 billion tons, representing 37% of the yearly precipitation. The correlation between groundwater levels and groundwater recharge exhibits low or negative correlation zones in the groundwater basin. These zones might have resulted from multipurpose pumping activities and the river and drainage networks in the area. The event-based precipitation and groundwater level have shown strong recharge behavior in the low-land area of the basin. Artificial weir operations at the high-land mountain pass might considerably influence the groundwater and surface water interactions.
Highlights
Groundwater resources play an important role in water resource management issues because of the highly variable climate conditions that significantly influence water availability
Results of groundwater recharge (GWR) and the associated groundwater levels (GWLs) and precipitation play an essential role in characterizing the interactions of surface water and groundwater in the Choushui River groundwater basin (CRGB)
Because of the limited rain gauge stations to formulate the geostatistical structure for kriging interpolation, the residual maps for different times were interpolated based on the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method
Summary
Groundwater resources play an important role in water resource management issues because of the highly variable climate conditions that significantly influence water availability. Population growth has enhanced the reduction in natural forest and grassland. These activities produce potential contaminant sources, which often impact the hydrological system and change surface runoff and water quality [2]. The management of rivers and their riparian zone has a significant impact on upstream and downstream reaches [3,4]. Managing the groundwater resource in a groundwater basin highly relies on the efficient management of surface water (including the riparian zone) [3,4,5] and regular monitoring and collection of reliable groundwater levels [6].
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