Abstract
We present a detailed overview of the physics and applications of optical dark solitons: localized nonlinear waves (or `holes') existing on a stable continuous wave (or extended finite-width) background. Together with the traditional problems involving properties of dark solitons of the defocusing cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation, we also describe recent theoretical results on optical vortex solitons; ring dark solitons; polarization domain walls; parametric dark solitons in a dispersive χ (2) medium; vector dark solitons; coupled dark–bright soliton pairs, and we discuss the instability-induced dynamics of dark solitons in the models of generalized (i.e., non-Kerr) optical nonlinearities. Special attention is paid to the experimental demonstrations of temporal dark solitons in optical fibres and spatial dark solitons, especially dark-soliton stripes and vortex solitons, in a defocusing bulk medium.
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