Darcy–Forchheimer dynamics of hybrid nanofluid due to a porous Riga surface capitalizing Cattaneo–Christov theory

Abstract

Due to superior heat transport offered by hybrid nanofluids compared to traditional nanofluids, an investigation on the dynamics of a hybrid nanofluid consisting of (Fe3O4+Al2O3)/water over a porous Riga stretching surface using the double-diffusion theory of Cattaneo–Christov is investigated. The hybrid mixture (Fe3O4+Al2O3) is placed in a Darcy–Forchheimer-porous-medium, and the significance of Brownian and thermo diffusions are also taken into account. The thermophysical attributes of solid particles and base fluid are used to model the problem along with the basic transport equations of fluid dynamics. Similarity transformations are used to make the transport equations dimensionless. The final version of the coupled boundary value problem is then numerically solved via RKFST (Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method based on shooting technique). The post-processing of the solution involves computing the velocity field, skin-friction, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, temperature field, streamlines, isotherms, and concentration field against various estimations of the involved parameters. The streamlines and isotherms are observed to be more effective for the hybrid nanofluid than the nanofluid, whereas the temperature is reduced for the hybrid nanofluid compared to the nanofluid. Temperature is reduced with the development of thermal-relaxation multiplier, while concentration is also declined with the higher estimation of concentration-relaxation multiplier.