Abstract
Several new techniques in the field of heat transfer in fluids have opened new avenues for studying the heat transfer effects in nanofluids and thermodynamic flow parameters, leading to novel applications. There have been studies on nanofluids, including metal, ceramic and magnetic nanoparticles mixed with base fluids such as Water, Kerosene, and Ethylene glycol. However, research on fluids employing semiconductor nanoparticles as supplements to base fluids to generate nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids is limited. For the investigation, Gallium nitrite, a binary semiconductor with excellent heat convection, is together with Cu metal nanoparticles and Al2O3 ceramic nanoparticles separately in the base fluid Ethylene glycol (EG) to form hybrid nanofluids. The effects of convective boundary conditions, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, suction/injection, and activation energy on three-dimensional Williamson MHD hybrid nanofluid flow of Cu + GaN + EG, Al2O3 + GaN + EG, and Cu + Al2O3 + EG are investigated on a stretched sheet with porosity. A similarity transformation is performed on the governing equations to transform them into dimensionless ordinary differential equations ODEs. Numerical analysis is carried out in MATLAB utilizing bvp5c and the shooting technique. The variations of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles as a function of different physical effects are presented graphically with dimensionless parameters and explained the variations scientifically. As varied with different parameters, the values of the Skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are mentioned in the table.
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