Abstract
Dairy consumption has been associated with decreased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in previous studies, but the association may be different according to each type of dairy products and its subgroups. Thus, we conducted an updated meta-analysis of observational studies to examine the association between various dairy products and risk of MetS. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible studies published up to February 2021. In addition, we included unpublished results from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2018, including 23,319 Korean adults and the elderly. A total of 35 studies (12 cohort studies and 25 cross-sectional studies) with 398,877 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled relative risks (RR) of MetS for the highest versus lowest categories of dairy consumption was 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72–0.88]. For the type of dairy products, there were also significant inverse associations with milk (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.78–0.89) and yogurt consumption (RR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83–0.95). For cheese consumption, however, no significant association was found (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.86–1.11). Our findings suggest that milk and yogurt consumption is inversely associated with the risk of MetS, but not cheese consumption.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, including raised blood pressure, raised triglycerides, lowered highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, raised fasting glucose, and central obesity [1]
For adult and elderly people, frequent milk and yogurt consumers had a higher proportion of total energy intake from fat but had a lower proportion of total energy intake from carbohydrates, while these correlations were stronger in elderly people
After adjusting for covariates, high milk consumption was associated with 26% lower odds of MetS in elderly people compared to no milk consumption (OR: 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57–0.96; p for trend = 0.029), but no association was found in adults (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.78–1.06; p for trend = 0.246)
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex of interrelated risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, including raised blood pressure, raised triglycerides, lowered highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, raised fasting glucose, and central obesity [1]. The relationship between dairy consumption and the risk of MetS has already been extensively investigated, and there are some hypotheses that some ingredients in dairy products, including a variety of minerals, dairy proteins, and dairy fats, may have beneficial effects on MetS [4,5]. Four meta-analyses on dairy consumption and MetS risk have been previously conducted [6,7,8,9]. There were some observational studies on cheese consumption and risk of MetS, but no meta-analysis of cheese consumption on risk of MetS has been conducted to date. We need to conduct an updated meta-analysis of observational studies with the most recent data and dose-response analyses
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