Abstract
Objective: This study aims to investigate the association of red meat (processed and unprocessed) and poultry consumption with the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS).Methods: Prospective cohort studies on the association of red meat (processed and unprocessed) and poultry consumption with the risk of MetS were identified by comprehensive literature search in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to March 2021. The pooled relative risk (RR) of MetS with 95% CIs for the highest vs. lowest category of red meat or poultry consumption was extracted for meta-analysis.Results: A total of nine prospective cohort studies were included in this study. Among them, eight studies were identified for red meat consumption. The overall multi-variable adjusted RR demonstrated that red meat consumption was associated with a higher risk of MetS (RR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.13–1.62; P = 0.001). Moreover, four and three studies were specifically related to processed and unprocessed red meat consumption, respectively. Both processed (RR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11–1.97; P = 0.007) and unprocessed red meat (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.14–1.54; P = 0.0003) consumption was associated with a higher risk of MetS. With regard to poultry consumption, three studies were included. The overall multi-variable adjusted RR suggested that poultry consumption was associated with lower risk of MetS (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.75–0.97; P = 0.02).Conclusions: The current evidence indicates that red meat (processed and unprocessed) consumption is associated with a higher risk of MetS, whereas, poultry consumption is associated with a lower risk of MetS. More well-designed randomized controlled trials are still needed to address the issues further.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the clustering of at least three of the five following metabolic alterations: high serum triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased fasting plasma glucose, elevated waist circumference, and elevated blood pressure [1]
We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases in March 2021 by a series of keywords related to metabolic syndrome (“metabolic syndrome”), red meat (“meat”), poultry (“poultry”) and prospective cohort (“cohort,” “follow-up,” “incidence,” “incident,” “prospective,” “prognosis,” “prognostic” and predict”)
The overall multi-variable adjusted RR showed that unprocessed red meat consumption was associated with a higher risk of MetS (RR = 1.32 95% CI: 1.14–1.54; P = 0.0003) (Figure 3)
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the clustering of at least three of the five following metabolic alterations: high serum triglyceride, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, increased fasting plasma glucose, elevated waist circumference, and elevated blood pressure [1]. Meat and Risk of MetS condition is still increasing exponentially [2]. MetS is considered as an important public health issue in the 21st century. It is well-known that many etiologic factors are associated with MetS [obesity [3], alcohol drinking [4], and cigarette smoking [5]]. As an important part of the global dietary structure, meat is rich in protein, fat, iron, zinc, and vitamin B12 [8, 9]. Some other parts of red meat and poultry (e.g., fats) were classified as non-protein, which could not be ignored for their health issues. It is important and interesting to further investigate the relationship between meat consumption and MetS
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