Daily and sub-daily otolith increments of larval and juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas), as validated by alizarin complexone experiments

Abstract

Walleye pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma) were reared from eggs to the juvenile life stage to study daily increment formation in the sagittae otoliths, which are routinely used for age and growth analyses. The apparent deposition of sub-daily growth increments becomes problematic for determining fish age from the late larval stage throughout the juvenile (young-of-the-year) development stage. Otolith marking experiments were conducted to determine interpretation criteria to differentiate between daily and sub-daily increments. Immersion of larval and transforming walleye pollock in 25 mg/l of alizarin complexone (ALC) for 6 h once a week produced a fluorescent mark on the day of staining. Evidence of six well defined and equally spaced increments counted between the weekly ALC marks validated the deposition of daily increments. The daily increments gradually increased in width as the fish/otolith grew. The criteria for determining the presence of sub-daily increments between the daily increments were (1) weak optical definition and (2) a sudden change in incremental distance that lasted for one or two increments and were approximately <0.5 μm in width. Growth problems that occurred during the experiments were identified on otoliths as reductions in daily incremental widths and optical definition, which continued for several days. Otoliths from field-collected fish have also shown similar changes in daily increment properties during the juvenile stage, which may be an indicator of an environmental influence. The criteria for defining different increment types help to resolve our current age determination issues for late larval and early juvenile stage walleye pollock from the Gulf of Alaska.