Abstract
Daemonorops draco Blume (DD), also called dragon’s blood, has been used as a traditional Korean medicine, especially for relieving pain caused by wound infection. Recently, it has been described that DD has antibacterial and analgesic effects. In this study, the underlying anticancer effect of DD associated with apoptosis was investigated in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines U937 and THP-1. DD exhibited cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in U937 and THP-1 cells. Moreover, DD treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ). The protein expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cleaved caspase-3, p-H2A.X, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (CHOP), and activating transcription factor 4 was upregulated by DD treatment. Consistently, DD-treated cells had increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in a concentration-dependent manner via miR-216b activation in association with c-Jun inhibition. N-acetyl-L-cysteine pretreatment reversed the cytotoxic effect of DD treatment as well as prevented ROS accumulation. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that the anticancer effect of DD in AML was mediated by CHOP-dependent apoptosis along with ROS accumulation and included upregulation of miR-216b followed by a decrease in c-Jun.
Highlights
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignant disease caused by uncontrolled proliferation of immature myeloid blast cells
The anticancer effect of Daemonorops draco Blume (DD) was investigated; this study evaluated the relationship between DD and ER stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attempted to verify the detailed mechanisms at a molecular level
liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS)/ultraviolet detection (UV)-based analysis of the extract of DD revealed a major peak with molecular ions of m/z 257.1 [M+H]+ and m/z 255.1 [MH]- at a retention time of 30.5 min, which showed a unique UV spectrum (Figure 1)
Summary
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignant disease caused by uncontrolled proliferation of immature myeloid blast cells. Various genetic mutations or changes in gene phenotypes are detected in patients with CN-AML, which are important in determining prognosis and treatment [2]. 13 types of mutant genes have been discovered, Anti-Cancer Effects of Daemonorops draco Blume including Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1), DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A), FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and Ten–eleven-translocation 2 (TET2) [3]. These chromosomal and gene mutations were used as an index for the four stages of risk stratification in the 2010 European Leukemia Net classification scheme [4]
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