Cytotoxic Activity and Selectivity Index of <i>Solanum torvum</i> Fruit on T47D Breast

Solanum torvum has antioksidan. This study aimed to analyse cytotoxic activity and selectivity index of Solanum torvum on T47D breast cancer cells invitro. Identification of Solanum torvum fruit chemical compounds with LCMS containing Clorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloyquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 3,4 - O dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-feruloylquinic acid, 5-O-feruloylquinic acid, putative dicaffeoylquinic lactone. Cytotoxic assays showed that the Solanum torvum Without Fermentation were IC 50 (IGT) 1111.62μg/ mL, IC 50 (MGT)1889.20μg/mL, IC 50 (EGT) 1171.90μg/mL, IC 50 (FEGT) 305.98 μg/mL. Cytotoxic assays showed that the treatment of fermentation was IC 50 (IBT) 1760.36 μg/mL, IC 50 (MBT) 1631.06 μg/mL, IC 50 (EBT) of 1111.58 μg/mL, IC 50 (FEBT) 39.17μg/mL, IC 50 (FHBT) 85.58 μg/mL. Index of selectivity (IS) Solanum torvum (without fermentation) were IS (IGT) 5.23, IS (MGT) 0.61, IS (EGT) 1.06, IS (FEGT) 1.45. Index of selectivity of Solanum torvum (fermentation treatment) were IS (IBT) 2.41, IS (MBT) 0.78, IS (EBT) 0.18, IS (FEBT) 4.64, IS (FHBT) 1.67. The best results are treatment of ethyl acetate fraction of Solanum torvum (FEBT) has IC 50 was 39.17 μg/mL and Index selectivity was 4.64, declared safe/not toxic to normal cells, thus potentially developed as T47D breast anticancer cells.

This study aims to evaluate the anthropogenic pressure in the St. Lawrence River by assessing the relationships between composition and chemical contamination of sediments and macroinvertebrate community structure using a selection of indices and metrics. The aims of this study are to (i) determine the composition of macroinvertebrate community in sediments across a gradient of disturbance, (ii) select relevant macroinvertebrate indices and metrics for the assessment of sediment quality, (iii) investigate whether responses of selected indices and metrics differ across habitats and/or sediment quality classes, and finally, (iv) determine the thresholds for critical contaminants related to significant changes in the most relevant indices and metrics. Organic and inorganic contaminants as well as other sediment variables (sediment grain size, total organic carbon, nutrients, etc.) and macroinvertebrate assemblages were determined in 59 sites along the river. Fourteen macroinvertebrate indices and metrics, on the 264 initially selected, were shown to be the most effective to be used in bioassessment for the St. Lawrence River. However, the variation in macroinvertebrate indices and metrics remains strongly explained by habitat characteristics, such as sediment grain size or the level of nutrients. There is also an influence of metals and, to a lesser extent, organic contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons. The 14 selected indices and metrics are promising bioassessment tools that are easy to use and interpret in an environmental assessment of sediment quality in the St. Lawrence River.

The aim of the study is to develop an effective selective index adapted to the conditions of the country, taking into account the national priorities of consumption of livestock products. Selection indices, which are widely used in de-veloped countries with high scientific and production potential in the field of animal husbandry, have been ana-lyzed. They can be divided into three groups. The first group includes five countries where a simplified version of the calculation of selective indices is used. The second group includes nine countries, which are rather complex for on-line analysis of the selection indices. The third group included countries in the breeding work of which com-bined breeding indices are used. The rating of the most valuable bulls of the Federal state unitary enterprise «Mos-kovskoye» on breeding work made with application of the most widespread selection indexes is given. Selection indices, with the similarity of the methods of their calculation, need some adjustment to be used in our country. A selection index is developed and presented under the name UI (combined index). The developed index UI in 83% of cases coincides with the index ASI (Australia), in the remaining 17% of cases the difference does not exceed 0.5 rank. With the index PIN (England) differences are more significant, in 34% of cases there is a complete coinci-dence of estimates, in 50% – the differences are only 1 rank and only in one case the discrepancy is significant enough. The index of INET (the most frequently used by breeders in Europe) coincides with the evaluation of breeding value of animals in 100% of cases. The new index is supposed to be used in the work with dairy breeds.

The aim and tasks of the study included to evaluate and identify soft spring wheat varieties by selection indices. Material and methods. The researches were conducted during 2014-2015 under conditions of research field of the V.M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine at the laboratory of spring wheat breeding. 33 varieties of soft spring wheat were evaluated by selection indices: Finn-Scandinavian (FSI) and Mexican (MI) index, index of perceptiveness (IP), linear ear density (LED) and ear density(ED). Results and discussions. Evaluation of soft spring wheat varieties by selective indices allows increasing the efficiency of selections using additional information about the secondary marker traits. Middle straw varieties had the optimal balance between elements of productivity and stem length and were characterized the highest values of the indices. It is important in breeding to use indices including traits that reliably correlate with indicators of crop capacity. FSI (r = 0.77±0.06) and LED (r = 0.74±0.06) were revealed to be the most effective indices in our work, as they were characterized with strong correlation with crop capacity. The rest indices we studied: IP (r = 0.66±0.07), ED (r = 0.52±0.07), MI (r = 0.51±0.07) had middle and moderate correlation with crop capacity, since they were also important. That shows in their favour as informative indicators being suitable to use in breeding practice. Conclusions. Soft spring wheat varieties were identified by complex of selection indices: Venera, Struna myronivs`ka, Aranka, Alliance, Etiud, Krasa Polissia, Simkoda myronivs`ka, Katiusha (UKR), PHRSV-03 (USA), Leguan (CZE), Jasna, Koksa (POL). They are recommended as a sourse material in breeding process for productivity. Correlations between crop capacity and selective indices were analyzed and it was established that the strength of connection between them was various and ranged from moderate to strong.

Fertility and mortality differentials among the population groups of the Himalayas.

A Selection Index for Fat Production in Dairy Cattle Utilizing the Fat Yields of the Cow and Her Close Relatives

Acanthospermum hispidum DC (Asteraceae), a traditional medicinal plant, plays a role as an alternative remedy for various diseases, such as bacterial and viral infections, jaundice, malaria, fever, gastrointestinal disorders, headache, convulsions, and snake bites. Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, terpenes, steroids, and cardioactive glycosides are the distinct classes of metabolites in the plant. Although A. hispidum was suggested as a promising antitumor phytomedicine, no studies identified its potential cytotoxic components. In this study, the cytotoxic compounds of A. hispidum were isolated using chromatographic techniques guided by in vitro MTT cytotoxicity assay against selected cancer cell lines; breast cancer (MCF7), colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT29), and hepatoblastoma (HepG2). The selective index (SI) was assessed on MRC5 (Normal human fetal lung fibroblast) cell line. The dichloromethane fraction (DCM) showed remarkable cytotoxic activity against MCF7 and HT29 (%Cell viability; 46.15 and 60.5, respectively). Hence, the main bioactive fraction from DCM was purified to afford two phytosterols; stigmasterol (1) and β-sitosterol (2), which were identified by 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. Cytotoxic evaluation of 1 and 2 revealed that β-sitosterol showed better selective cytotoxicity against MCF7 and HT29 (IC50 4.07 μg/mL, SI 2.63; IC50 4.52 μg/mL, SI 2.37) compared to stigmasterol (IC50 5.43 μg/mL, SI 1.38; IC50 4.21 μg/mL, SI 1.78), respectively. Bioinformatic assessments of drug-likeness and ADMET properties demonstrated that most criteria were obeyed by the investigated compounds except for their poor solubility, which recommended the preparation of special dosage forms, such as nanoformulation to enhance their oral bioavailability. Swiss Target prediction indicated that nuclear receptors represent the main target class (40%). Whereas caspase-3 stimulant activity (a key enzyme in apoptosis) was predicted by the PASS prediction tool as a potential anticancer mechanism. Our study suggests A. hispidum as a potential source of bioactive phytosterols and as a chemopreventive medicinal plant.

Development of phytopharmaca for cancer until now has become a major step in overcoming the failure of cancer therapy. Calotrophis gigantea is one of the scientifically proven plants both in vitro and in vivo as a chemopreventive agent. This study aims to explain the efficacy and safety of Calotropis gigantea leaf extract (EDCG) and Calotropis gigantea root extract (EACG) on NIH3T3 cell, colon cancer cell WiDr and T47D breast cancer cells. From the analysis of MTT and Selectivity Index (SI) analysis showed that ethanol extract of leaf Calotropis gigantea (EDCG) can inhibit selective growth of selective colon cancer cells (SI 3) but not selective in inhibiting the growth of breast cancer cells T47D (SI 3 ). Calotropic gigantea (EACG) root ethanol extract is not selective in inhibiting the growth of colon cancer cells WiDr and breast cancer cells T47D (SI 3). Therefore EDCG can be recommended as a Phytopharmaca candidate with further proof through clinical trials.

Viral respiratory infections are raising serious concern globally. Asian medicinal plants could be useful in improving the current treatment strategies for influenza. The present study examines the activity of five plants from Bangladesh against influenza virus. MDCK cells infected with influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) were treated with increasing concentrations of ethyl acetate extracts, and their cytotoxicity (CC50), virus-inhibiting activity (IC50), and selectivity index (SI) were calculated. The ethyl acetate extract of fruits of Embelia ribes Burm. f. (Myrsinaceae) had the highest antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 0.2µg/mL and a SI of 32. Its major constituent, embelin, was further isolated and tested against the same virus. Embelin demonstrated antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 0.3µM and an SI of 10. Time-of-addition experiments revealed that embelin was most effective when added at early stages of the viral life cycle (0-1h postinfection). Embelin was further evaluated against a panel of influenza viruses including influenza A and B viruses that were susceptible or resistant to rimantadine and oseltamivir. Among the viruses tested, avian influenza virus A/mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2) was the most susceptible to embelin (SI = 31), while A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) virus was the most resistant (SI = 5). In silico molecular docking showed that the binding site for embelin is located in the receptor-binding domain of the viral hemagglutinin. The results of this study provide evidence that E. ribes can be used for development of a novel alternative anti-influenza plant-based agent.

Cyrhetrenyl and cymantrenyl N-acylhydrazone complexes based on isoniazid: Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structures and antitubercular activity evaluation

Cepharanthine (CEP) is a natural bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. However, the extremely poor water solubility severely limits the pharmaceutical development and in vivo application of CEP. This study aimed to identify safe and effective solubilizing systems to enhance the solubility of CEP and systematically assess how these changes affect the inhibitory activity of CEP against coronaviruses. The solubility of CEP in various natural acidic media, including Rosa roxburghii juice, vinegar, and apple cider vinegar, as well as in solubilizing systems such as vitamin C and glycyrrhizic acid, was systematically investigated. The GX_P2V coronavirus infection model was used to measure the antiviral activity (EC50), cytotoxicity, and selectivity index (SI) of CEP under different solubilization conditions. Additionally, hydrochloride, pyruvate, and mesylate salts of CEP were prepared through acid-base neutralization and tested for their in vitro antiviral activity. The results showed that the solubility of CEP was significantly improved under acidic conditions with pH 2‒4. A mixture of vitamin C and CEP at a mass ratio of 4:1 formed a clear solution and demonstrated enhanced antiviral activity (EC50=0.85 μmol/L, SI=17.01) compared with CEP alone. Although glycyrrhizic acid increased the solubility of CEP in 30% ethanol, it exhibited poor water stability and did not significantly enhance the antiviral activity. Among all tested systems, CEP hydrochloride showed the best antiviral selectivity (EC50=1.05 μmol/L, SI>47). In conclusion, both the vitamin C-based formulation and CEP hydrochloride significantly improved the solubility and antiviral activity of CEP, highlighting its potential for further pharmaceutical development and clinical application.

Asymptotic response to four-path selection due to index and single trait selection according to genomically enhanced breeding values

In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of extracts and chromatographic fractions of twigs from Pappea capensis EckI & Zeyh. (Sapindaceae)

Structural modifications in lichen phenolic compounds have been one of the tools to potentiate their biological activity. In the present work, seven alkyl derivatives of norstictic acid were prepared and evaluated against eight cell lines. Norstictic acid was isolated from the lichen Ramalina anceps and the alkyl derivatives were obtained through reactions with alcohols. Cytotoxicity was evaluated against the 786-0 (kidney carcinoma), MCF7 (breast carcinoma), HT-29 (colon carcinoma), PC-03 (prostate carcinoma), HEP2 (laryngeal carcinoma), B16-F10 (murine melanoma), UACC-62 (human melanoma), and NIH/3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast) cell lines using the sulforhodamine B assay. Norstictic acid exhibited poor activity, while the 8'-O-n-butyl-norstictic acid and 8'-O-sec-butyl-norstictic acid derivatives showed potential activity (GI50 values of 6.37-45.0 μM and 6.8-52.40 μM, respectively) and high selectivity (selectivity index (SI) values of 13.88-98.11 and SI 11.30-87.40, respectively) against all tumor cells. The 8'-O-n-hexyl-norstictic acid showed good activity (5.96-9.53 μM) and moderate selectivity (SI 9.2-5.76) against MCF7, HT-29, PC-03, and HEP2 cells, while 8'-O-isopropyl-norstictic acid demonstrated high activity and selectivity against PC-03 cells (GI50 1.28 μM and SI 33.8), and was highly active but moderately selective against UACC, HEP2, and B16-F10 cells (GI50 6.2, 7.78, and 9.65 μM; SI 7.0, 5.5, and 4.5, respectively). Additionally, 8'-O-n-pentyl- and 8'-O-tert-butyl-norstictic acids were active and selective against PC-03 cells (GI50 8.77 and 7.60 μM; SI 6.53 and 5.0, respectively). Chemometric analysis revealed a clear relationship between all compounds and their biological activities. The insertion of a four-carbon alkyl chain (n-butyl and sec-butyl) produced potentially active compounds on all tested tumor cells.

Presently, selection indices combine EBV belonging to many phenotypes accounting for production and functional traits. In this situation, ensuring positive genetic trends becomes difficult, especially when an antagonistic genetic relationship between traits exists. For this reason, guaranteeing zero genetic progress for some traits could be advantageous, as it would allow maximization of the productive characteristics while maintaining steady other antagonistic traits. This approach can also be useful for traits with an intermediate optimum, such as type traits, or for phenotypes for which it is difficult to quantify a specific economic weight. On this point, deriving the economic weight for a restricted selected index can be an optimal strategy. In this article, we provide a brief demonstration of how to derive economic weights by the restriction of some antagonistic traits. This procedure is then validated in a real-life situation using a dual-purpose cattle breed, due to the presence of more than one antagonistic trait with respect to milk yield. The R code is also provided to apply this procedure. The practical application to an actual situation demonstrates that the method produces feasible solutions in situations where more antagonistic traits are considered for selection, and prevents the detriment of some functional traits. Finally, we demonstrated how to obtain the desired restricted genetic progress when heterogeneous sources of information are present and its influence on selection response.