Abstract
Cytokine receptors are critical regulators of the antimycobacterial immune response, playing a key role in initiating and coordinating the recruitment and activation of immune cells during infection. They recognize and bind specific cytokines and are involved in inducing intracellular signal transduction pathways that regulate a diverse range of biological functions, including proliferation, differentiation, metabolism and cell growth. Due to mutations in cytokine receptor genes, defective signaling may contribute to increased susceptibility to mycobacteria, allowing the pathogens to avoid killing and immune surveillance. This paper provides an overview of cytokine receptors important for the innate and adaptive immune responses against mycobacteria and discusses the implications of receptor gene defects for the course of mycobacterial infection.
Highlights
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) is distinguished by a number of unique characteristic features
The 0.5–5 micrometer droplets, in contrast to those of 5–10 micrometers, are considered to be more effective carriers of mycobacteria for several reasons: they persist in the air for 2 to 40 h, they are transmitted over a greater distance, they are more efficiently inhaled into the tracheobronchial tree and alveolar space [4]
Shen et al found that Mtb infection in macaques increased the ability of IL-23 to enhance the proliferation of activated Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and production of such cytokines as IL-17, IL-22, IL-2, and IFN-γ [74]
Summary
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), a causative agent of tuberculosis (TB) is distinguished by a number of unique characteristic features. Mtb phosphoantigens are recognized by γδ T cells without APCs support triggering the production of perforin and granzymes, by which they eliminate infected immune cells with Mtb inside them They can produce IFN-γ and TNF-α in response to intracellular pathogens [8]. To a certain extent, tubercle bacilli can influence the course of immune response of the host, for example by increasing the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 [10] This cytokine can affect the ability of DC and macrophages to activate Th1 cells. Mtb-specific T cells producing IFN-γ, which enhance the microbicidal activity of macrophages, create the granuloma cuff [16] Another type of immune cells often found in granulomas are neutrophils.
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