Abstract
The cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs), and notably 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are now accepted as key signaling molecules in many processes in plants including growth and differentiation, photosynthesis, and biotic and abiotic defense. At the single molecule level, we are now beginning to understand how cNMPs modify specific target molecules such as cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, while at the systems level, a recent study of the Arabidopsis cNMP interactome has identified novel target molecules with specific cNMP-binding domains. A major advance came with the discovery and characterization of a steadily increasing number of guanylate cyclases (GCs) and adenylate cyclases (ACs). Several of the GCs are receptor kinases and include the brassinosteroid receptor, the phytosulfokine receptor, the Pep receptor, the plant natriuretic peptide receptor as well as a nitric oxide sensor. We foresee that in the near future many more molecular mechanisms and biological roles of GCs and ACs and their catalytic products will be discovered and further establish cNMPs as a key component of plant responses to the environment.
Highlights
There is a growing awareness that cyclic nucleotide monophosphates and their cyclases are universal signaling molecules across the tree of life (Schaap, 2005)
Despite the fact that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) have been recognized as important second messengers in animals nearly half a century ago, the notion that the cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs) signaling system is universal and operates in plants was a matter of debate until recently
Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Plants of cNMPs in higher plants have been questioned for long time mainly due to the fact that the cAMP and cGMP levels in plants appeared to be low compared to those found in animals and lower eukaryotes and often below the detection limits of analytical methods available in the past
Summary
Nucleotide Monophosphates and Their Cyclases in Plant Signaling. The cyclic nucleotide monophosphates (cNMPs), and notably 3 ,5 -cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and 3 ,5 -cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) are accepted as key signaling molecules in many processes in plants including growth and differentiation, photosynthesis, and biotic and abiotic defense. A major advance came with the discovery and characterization of a steadily increasing number of guanylate cyclases (GCs) and adenylate cyclases (ACs). Several of the GCs are receptor kinases and include the brassinosteroid receptor, the phytosulfokine receptor, the Pep receptor, the plant natriuretic peptide receptor as well as a nitric oxide sensor. We foresee that in the near future many more molecular mechanisms and biological roles of GCs and ACs and their catalytic products will be discovered and further establish cNMPs as a key component of plant responses to the environment
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