Cycles of living and bio-inert systems in soil formation

Abstract

Material and energy cycles in living systems of phototrophs and heterotrophs, and in inert systems of the mineral base of soils have significant differences. As a result of soil formation and weathering under natural conditions, soils lose some of the nutrients due to the removal of moisture with an intrasoil and subsoil current, but in agricultural use - with a commodity part of the crop. The result is a depletion of soils, their aging and a decrease in fertility. Soils successively pass through the stages from birth on the initial parent rock to mature soil, aging, natural death and neorock. The stage of menopause of soils does not exist as equilibrium and which can last immeasurably for a long time. Soil, like any other system, cannot be in equilibrium if there is an influx of energy from outside. In the historical cycle under unchanging conditions of soil formation, time is the main factor in soil formation.