Abstract
Power electronics systems have become increasingly vulnerable to cyber-physical threats due to their growing penetration in the Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled applications, including connected electric vehicles (EVs). In response to this emerging need, a cyber-physical-security initiative was recently launched by the IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS). With increasing connectivity due to vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and the number of electronic control units, connected EVs are facing greater cyber-physical security challenges. However, existing research extensively focuses on the network security of internal combustion engine vehicles and fails to address the cyber-physical security of EVs specifically. In this article, the challenges and future visions of cyber-physical security are discussed for connected EVs from the perspective of firmware security, vehicle charging safety, and powertrain control security. The vulnerabilities of EVs are investigated under a variety of cyberattacks, ranging from energy-efficiency-motivated attacks to safety-motivated attacks. Simulation results, including hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) results, are provided to further analyze the cyberattack impacts on both converter (device) and vehicle (system) levels. More importantly, an architecture for the next-generation power electronics systems is proposed to address the cyber-physical security challenges of EVs. Finally, potential research opportunities are discussed in detail, including detection and migration for firmware security, model-based, and data-driven detection and mitigation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study on cyber-physical security of powertrain systems in modern EVs.
Highlights
W ITH the growing penetration in Internet of Things (IoT) enabled applications, e.g., electric vehicles (EVs), power electronics systems are becoming more vulnerable to cyber-physical threats ranging from cyber-attacks to physical faults
While cyber-physical security of power electronics systems is an emerging area, vehicle security has been actively studied from information/network security aspects over the past few years [1], because of the enormous number of electronics and software that rely on environmental sensors and networks
(2) several works have been reported concerning automotive control systems, only safety-critical systems are addressed; very few studies focus on cyber-physical security of long-term specifications such as efficiency performance in powertrain systems, which may result in severe degradation of energy efficiency and battery capacity [24], as well as reducing vehicle’s monetary value
Summary
W ITH the growing penetration in IoT enabled applications, e.g., electric vehicles (EVs), power electronics systems are becoming more vulnerable to cyber-physical threats ranging from cyber-attacks to physical faults. Based on this architecture, several studies analyzed vehicle cybersecurity and discussed several approaches to defend vehicles against malware attacks. The core problem is how to assess, detect, identify, and mitigate such attacks and ensure the safe operation of the vehicles To address this issue, [21] analyzed the impact of security attack (rear-end collision) on the connected adaptive cruise control (ACC) system. To defend the vehicles against cyber-attacks, [20] and [23] proposed detection and mitigation strategies to reduce collisions for a vehicle platooning system
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