Cutaneous respiration and amphibious fishes

Abstract

Amphibious fishes transition between aquatic and aerial environments, relying on gills and skin for respiration. While some freshwater species possess accessory air-breathing organs or lungs, marine amphibious fishes primarily depend on gills, mouth, and opercular linings. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release occur predominantly through the skin, especially during air exposure. Specialized cells facilitate ion exchange, enhancing respiratory efficiency. Over time, adaptive cellular changes may occur in the skin and gills to optimize air-breathing. This chapter delves into the unique physiological adaptations of amphibious fishes, emphasizing their complex and versatile respiratory mechanisms while navigating diverse environmental conditions.