Abstract
An outbreak of “Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology” occurred in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019. Later, the agent factor was identified and coined as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease was named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a shorter period, this newly emergent infection brought the world to a standstill. On 11 March 2020, the WHO declared COVID-19 as a pandemic. Researchers across the globe have joined their hands to investigate SARS-CoV-2 in terms of pathogenicity, transmissibility, and deduce therapeutics to subjugate this infection. The researchers and scholars practicing different arts of medicine are on an extensive quest to come up with safer ways to curb the pathological implications of this viral infection. A huge number of clinical trials are underway from the branch of allopathy and naturopathy. Besides, a paradigm shift on cellular therapy and nano-medicine protocols has to be optimized for better clinical and functional outcomes of COVID-19-affected individuals. This article unveils a comprehensive review of the pathogenesis mode of spread, and various treatment modalities to combat COVID-19 disease.
Highlights
The city of Wuhan in China witnessed an outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus in the late winter of December 2019, and with a rampant spread throughoutChina, it periled the world to emerge as a pandemic [1]
It is unlikely that bats are the transmitting agents of the virus to humans due to various reasons [14]. (i) There are suggestions that despite having a relatively long branch sequence identity below 90% with bat-SL-CoVZXC21 and bat-SL-CoVZC45, they are not considered as the direct ancestors of SARS-CoV-2, (ii) In the Huanan Seafood Market, no bats were found being sold or purchased, but there were several non-aquatic animals that were up for purchase, (iii) Other animals have acted as intermediate hosts in other coronaviruses where the natural reservoir is the bat
During a study conducted recently, MERS coronavirus was detected in Pipistrellus and Perimyotis bats, thereby proffering the bats to be the major transmitting medium and key host for the virus [21,22,23]. It was initially suggested by a group of researchers that snakes can be the possible hosts for the virus, but when the genomic similarity between SARS-like bat viruses and novel coronavirus was established, the statement that only bats can be the key reservoirs received support [24,25]
Summary
The city of Wuhan in China witnessed an outbreak of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus in the late winter of December 2019, and with a rampant spread throughout. During a study conducted recently, MERS coronavirus was detected in Pipistrellus and Perimyotis bats, thereby proffering the bats to be the major transmitting medium and key host for the virus [21,22,23] It was initially suggested by a group of researchers that snakes can be the possible hosts for the virus, but when the genomic similarity between SARS-like bat viruses and novel coronavirus was established, the statement that only bats can be the key reservoirs received support [24,25]. The key challenge is to plan and prepare ourselves to combat another zoonotic COVID-19 epidemic more effectively in the future
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