Abstract
BackgroundThree-dimensional (3D) printing is an additive manufacturing technique capable of the rapid prototyping of objects not feasible by other manufacturing methods. Vascular surgery has welcomed this technology and found it useful in many areas. MethodsThe integration of 3D-printed models in surgical training offers to bridge existing training gaps and increase exposure to complex pathology, while maintaining patient safety, during this time where the surgical education paradigm is shifting. Sterilizable 3D-printed models are being used to aid in the development of physician-modified endografts with excellent results. Rehearsing with patient-specific anatomic models before surgery has demonstrated evidence in improving operator confidence and decreased operative and fluoroscopy times. Research trends have demonstrated that technology such as printed custom implantable devices with tunable chemical and physical properties may be on the horizon. ResultsDespite all of this, the current use of 3D printing in vascular surgery is limited by factors such as materials, time constraints, and initial technical challenges to developing a printing protocol. All of these are areas actively being researched to improve applicability and adaptation of 3D printing. As its use continues to grow, 3D printing may find utility in meeting the global need for safe, timely, and affordable vascular surgical care. ConclusionsThe analysis delves into current uses, challenges, and future visions for this technology, emphasizing its transformative influence in the field of vascular surgery.
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