Current trend and future prospective of functional probiotic milk chocolates and related products - a review

Introduction. The article analyses current trends in milk production and consumption in the world, taking into account the latest factors of product competitiveness in the global milk market and the growing interest of consumers in plant substitutes for animal milk. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, world dairy production continues to grow, with Asia experiencing the largest increase since 2019. The next decade will create great opportunities for the dairy industry in the world. The increase in demand will be accelerated by the globalization of the industry, which will form consolidation in order to efficiently use resource potential, ensure a sustainable supply of milk and stable profits for producers. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study current trends in milk production and consumption in the world, taking into account the latest factors of product competitiveness in the global milk market and the growing interest of consumers in plant substitutes for animal milk. Method (methodology).The methodological basis of the study is scientific work on the current state and trends in production and milk consumption in the world. Dialectical, systemic and synergetic approaches were used at all stages of the study; methods of general scientific knowledge: comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction. Statistical analysis was used as specific methods. Results. The results of the study allowed us to draw conclusions about the social significance of dairy production. Globalization with a significant impact on domestic and international trade in the dairy industry will accelerate in the coming years, as more and more consumers seek to include dairy products in their daily diet to promote good quality and healthy natural products. One of the current trends in the world food market is a significant increase in consumption of plant foods. At present, each country faces a difficult task to develop an effective strategy for the development of natural dairy products in such conditions. The development of the world dairy market is influenced by various factors that determine the volume of production and consumption of dairy products, associated primarily with global changes in consumer preferences, increasing demand for goods in cheaper price segments, population growth, especially in developing countries, as well as economic development and overall welfare of mankind. In the context of globalization, an important factor in the world market is the economic policy of major countries that export and import milk and dairy products. In recent years, trade wars have begun to intensify, in particular between key players in the global market, which negatively affects the market for natural milk and dairy products and hinders its development. as well as with economic development and the general growth of human well-being. In the context of globalization, an important factor in the world market is the economic policy of major countries that export and import milk and dairy products. In recent years, trade wars have begun to intensify, in particular between key players in the global market, which negatively affects the market for natural milk and dairy products and hinders its development. As well as with economic development and the general growth of human well-being. In the context of globalization, an important factor in the world market is the economic policy of major countries that export and import milk and dairy products. In recent years, trade wars have begun to intensify, in particular between key players in the global market, which negatively affects the market for natural milk and dairy products and hinders its development.

The paper presents the results of the study of trends and development potential of the Belarusian market of lactose­free dairy products in terms of assessing the price advantages of dairy products in relation to other food products with high calcium content, analysing the range of lactose­free dairy products and comparing the cost of this category of products produced in Belarus against imported ones. The key provisions of the comparative assessment of methods of lactose content reduction in dairy raw materials are presented. The parameters and prospective directions of market development are substantiated.

Background. The problem of lactose intolerance is becoming widespread, especially in Ukraine it affects 15–35 % of the population. Dairy products are a valuable source of essential nutrients, that’s why it is impossible to completely rule out them from the diet. To solve this problem, it is important to develop technology for dairy products that are free of lactose or with reduced content. The aim of thework is to analyze the world market of low-lactose dairy products and to identify the factors which influence on the formation of such a market in Ukraine. Materials and methods. The subject of the study is the market segment of lactose-free and low-lactose dairy products. Methods of analysis and synthesis, statistical methods of evaluation, scientific generalization and comparison of data are used. Results. The formation of a healthy food market is characterized by gro­wing demand for special food products with regulated nutrient composition, in particular for dairy products, lactose-free or with its reduced content. However, in Ukraine, this market is still in its infancy. Today in country there are 160 units of lactose-free and low-lactose dairy pro­ducts. The volume of imported products in the general range is 68.13%. Kefir and sour cream have the largest share in the formation of the domestic market of low- and lactose-free dairy products, and domestic yogurts have the smallest part. Therefore, the saturation of the market with domestic yogurt, free of lactose, or with its reduced content, is an important area of the development of the Ukraine’s dairy industry. The restriction of natural food resources negatively affects the formation of the domestic market of low-lactose dairy products. In 2020, milk production decreased by about 7 %, due to the unstable economic situation caused by quarantine restrictions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. That’s why today the problem of complete collection and rational use of secondary raw milk in the production of food products dominates., especially dairy products of the "free-from" category. Conclusion. The need to create new technologies for low-lactose dairy products using local bioavailable raw materials is essentially due to their high demand and a narrow range of domestic products. The priority directions of development of the domestic market of low-lactose and lac­tose-free dairy products are offered in the context of the state policy of introduction of resource-saving and increase of volumes of high-quality production of domestic production.

Causes and Control of Culture-Related Flavor Defects in Cultured Dairy Products

Subjective food perceptions in type 2 diabetic patients and their impact on the structure of the diet

Competition in the market of dairy products is an important requirement for its existence and development, forcing market operators to introduce more efficient production methods, to offer new concepts and cost proposals, to start working in new segments. Since the main milk producers in Ukraine are agricultural enterprises is extremely important is the proper formation of the market of dairy products in Ukraine, one of the main conditions of formation of which is the high level of competition between manufacturers. The existence of effective competition that balances the interests of subjects of market relations, stimulate innovation and competition in all spheres of activities, is one of the main conditions of development of economy of Ukraine. This competition opens up new opportunities for production improvement and develops the optimal structure of market supply and demand contributes to the optimization of production costs. The aim of this article is to assess the level of monopolization and competition in the market of milk and dairy products of Ukraine based on the index of market concentration, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, a measure of dispersion, index of entropy, the Lorenz curve. The distribution of market shares among producers of dairy products was carried out based on exponential distribution law, on the basis of which the simulated distribution of smaller producers, which provide dairy products 45% percent of the market of Ukraine. Assessment of the level of monopolization and competition of the dairy market of Ukraine has allowed systematizing a set of operators of the dairy market and gave an opportunity to find out the percentage of coverage of the domestic market of processing of milk and production of dairy products. During the research, it was found that the market of dairy production in Ukraine is highly competitive that is a positive factor for further development of this market.

Introduction. Successful development of the national agro-product sector is impossible without improving the system of market relations between economic entities. The market of milk and dairy products today is one of the most promising markets for agricultural raw materials and food. The decrease in the actual level of the population provision in Ukraine with dairy products in recent years is relevant to studies that characterize the interaction of key elements of the market as part of a single economic system. Objective. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the composition of the system elements of economic relations between participants in the modern market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine and assess the current state of its development. Methods. Some methods and techniques of scientific knowledge have been used in the process of scientific research: abstract-logical (in forming the logical-structural scheme of the economic relations system of milk market participants and dairy products), monographic and economic-statistical (in assessing the current state of market development), methods of analysis and synthesis (in the formalization and evaluation of the factors effect on the development of market processes), the method of scientific comparison. Results. It is determined that the system of economic relations of milk market participants and dairy products is based on a set of levers of the market mechanism of management (demand, supply, price, competition) and the balance of economic interests of each of its subjects. Price is the main lever that balances the economic interests of dairy market players. The modern price mechanism of the market of milk and dairy products contributes to the profitable management of the dairy industry, however, do not provide food security and a sufficient level of consumption of dairy products by the population. The estimation of volumes of production and supply of milk, market balance, level of supply and consumption of dairy products by the population is carried out. The analysis of price tendencies of the market of milk and dairy products in the context of development of the world market of milk is also carried out. The main directions and volumes of state financial support of the dairy industry of Ukraine have been determined. The main problematic aspects of the development of the domestic market of milk and dairy products are: reduction of production of milk raw materials, low quality, low level of effective demand for dairy products by the population, intensification of competition in the market and increased participation of foreign dairy companies. Prospects. Prospects for further research are to identify and assess the economic benefits of the economic system of the market of milk and dairy products in Ukraine. Keywords: economic relations; market; system; milk and dairy products; agricultural production; dairy cattle breeding.

Dairy cattle breeding is the leading animal husbandry sector that takes an essential share in the structure of gross agricultural output, provides access to nutritious food, and secures the continuous flow of funds for economic entities throughout a year. Meanwhile, a stable trend towards the reduction of cow number at agricultural enterprises and households, reduction of milk production and processing, and growing counterfeiting of dairy products has been observed lately. Therefore, the population tends to consume less milk and dairy products. Thus, there is a need to conduct research to determine the factors impacting the regional milk and dairy products market and the perspectives of its further development. The paper aims to determine the perspectives for further development of the regional milk and dairy products market. It stipulates the need to solve the following tasks: to analyze the production and sales of milk by agricultural enterprises and households and production and sales of dairy products; to determine the factors impacting the regional milk and dairy products market; to determine the ways for further development of the regional milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast. The paper examines the actual condition of the milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast. In particular, the production and sales of milk by agricultural enterprises and households and production and sales of dairy products are analyzed; the factors impacting the regional milk and dairy products market are determined; the perspectives for further development of the regional milk and dairy products market in Sumska oblast are suggested.

Exploring the long-term influence of climate and land use on vegetation change allows for a more robust understanding of how vegetation is likely to respond in the future. To inform management, this study investigated the relationship between vegetation productivity trends and potential drivers of change in the 110 000 ha of the Tswalu Kalahari Reserve between 2000 and 2015, using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI, MOD13Q1). Spatio-temporal variability of the EVI was mapped and then related to the historical records of precipitation, animal numbers and fire occurrences. Long-term trends in productivity were analysed by residual trend analysis (RESTREND). Significantly different EVI profiles were found between vegetation types, and this was related to the structure and function of the vegetation, as well as the effects of soil reflectance. The EVI time-series signalled spatial and temporal heterogeneity in plant productivity, which was strongly correlated with rainfall, although fire and especially herbivory had noteworthy localised effects on productivity. The RESTREND identified a significant positive trend in plant productivity in shrub-dominated vegetation types, providing evidence for the ongoing thickening of woody species. Significant negative trends in productivity were associated with artificial water points and more heavily stocked areas, leading to degradation.Conservation implications: The southern Kalahari has a highly variable rainfall regime, which is tied to a dynamic vegetation response. This variability should be taken into account when making management decisions. Field-based monitoring together with adaptive management approaches are needed in the face of an uncertain future in which significant warming is expected.

Topicality. The market of milk and dairy products is of strategic importance for ensuring food security of the country in the war and post-war periods. The importance of this market is determined by the high social importance of dairy products, which are an important component of the population's diet. At the same time, the institutional support for the functioning of the market of milk and dairy products does not fully meet the conditions and challenges of wartime, which requires additional research.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to determine the institutional problems of the development of the domestic market of milk and dairy products, to develop proposals for improving the institutional regulation of the relevant market in the war and post-war periods.Materials and Methods. The results of the theoretical generalization of scientific works and methodological approaches in the field of the dairy market, which are highlighted in publications of a fundamental and applied nature, as well as the analysis of the norms of the current legislation regulating legal relations between the subjects of the dairy market, form the informational and methodological basis of the study. Methods of systemic, structural-logical, comparative, and statistical analysis were used to solve the tasks.Research results. The study identified institutional problems in the development of the domestic market of milk and dairy products, including: lack of regulatory and technological regulation of the use of lower-class dairy raw materials; imperfect state support mechanisms for the export of dairy products with added value; lack of state regulation of the production and sale of competitive plant-based dairy products. A structural analysis of the types of state support for the dairy market was conducted; ensuring state control and supervision in the field of production, processing, sale, export and import of dairy products; international cooperation in the field of safety and quality of milk, dairy raw materials and dairy products. The directions of state policy regulating the activity of milk market subjects are summarized.The peculiarities of using the mechanism of public-private partnership for the development of the dairy market of Ukraine in the war and post-war periods are determined. Attention is focused on the need for state participation in supporting commodity producers in the subject-object dimension. A conceptual idea regarding the application of the public-private partnership mechanism in solving the problem of reducing unrealized grain remains by using it in the fodder base of the raw market sector through state procurement for technological animal breeding and dairy raw material production is offered. It is substantiated that in the post-war period, a promising mechanism for restoring and modernizing the market of milk and dairy products can be a public-private partnership based on state orders.Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the development of theoretical foundations for the improvement of national legislation in order to regulate the development of the dairy market in the conditions of security risks and internal transformations, solving the strategic tasks of recovery in the war and post-war periods. The practical significance of the obtained results is determined by the possibility of using scientific and applied principles of research by authorities at different levels in the course of improving the mechanisms of regulating the dairy market in conditions of instability.

Current trends and future prospective in nanoremediation of heavy metals contaminated soils: A way forward towards sustainable agriculture

In recent years, there has been an increase in consumer search for healthy eating that promotes health and well-being. This demand has led to the creation of new market niches, consisting of foods with functional appeal. In this context, probiotics stand out, which are live microorganisms that, if consumed in adequate doses, confer health benefits. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera are more widespread in the market and more used in food industry. With the understanding of consumers about the benefits promoted by functional foods containing probiotics, its use expanded rapidly, with the dairy matrix being the most studied for the transport of these microorganisms. Dairy products such as cheese, fermented milk, yogurt, ice cream, infant formula and powdered milk are examples of these products. However, 200there is a demand for non-dairy products as a matrix of probiotic bacteria, in order to meet the portion of the population with lactose intolerance and allergy to dairy products, in addition to hypercholesterolemic, vegetarian, and those who do not consume dairy products due to habits cultural. Therefore, non-dairy foods such as fruits and vegetables, chocolates, baked, and meat products are also being studied and gaining notoriety as an alternative matrix to the incorporation of probiotics. The maintenance of these microorganisms during the production process, the product’s useful life and during the passage through the human GIT is a challenge for the industries. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors can affect the viability of probiotic cells. Thus, technological alternatives such as microencapsulation have gained prominence for protecting cells from adverse conditions and, consequently, increasing the viability of microorganisms. The incorporation of probiotics in dairy and non-dairy foods points to a promising future, arousing the interest of researchers and industry in the development of new healthy products.

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the relationships among the U.S. external balance, exchange rates, macroeconomic policies, and longer-term trends in relative labor productivity. Movements in the U.S. external balance over the past two decades have been determined to a substantial degree by shifts in U.S. international price and cost competitiveness. Movements in price and cost competitiveness, in turn, have been dominated by swings in nominal exchange rates, which can be explained to a large extent by shifts in fiscal and monetary policies at home and abroad. A longer-term downward trend in the dollar may have been associated with secular decline in U.S. relative to foreign productivity in manufacturing. The downtrend in relative productivity has leveled off in recent years, however. The likelihood of a resumption of the downtrend in relative productivity may be reduced, at current level of exchange rates, by a shift in manufacturing investment towards.

The World Cancer Research Fund International has concluded strong evidence for that high intake of dairy products and foods containing dietary fiber and low intake of processed meat are associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). As food items are consumed together, it is important to study dietary patterns. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between an a priori constructed dietary index and incident CRC and between intake of processed meat, fiber, and dairy products and CRC. In the Malmö Diet and Cancer study cohort, 923 cases of CRC were identified, during 502 136 person-years of follow-up. A Colorectal Diet Quality Index (CDQI) was constructed regarding intakes of processed meat, fiber, and dairy products in relation to CRC. Higher index indicated a higher dietary quality. Higher CDQI was associated with lower risk of CRC [hazard ratios (HR): 0.57 for highest compared with lowest quintile; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43, 0.75; P<0.001]. Intake of dairy products was inversely associated with risk of CRC [HR for highest vs. lowest quintile was 0.77 (CI: 0.62, 0.96); P = 0.008], as was dietary fiber [HR for highest vs. lowest quintile was 0.77 (CI: 0.61, 0.98); P = 0.043]. High intake of processed meat was associated with CRC [HR for highest vs. lowest quintile was 1.31; CI: 1.05, 1.63; P = 0.012]. High adherence to a predefined CRC-specific diet quality index was inversely associated with the risk of CRC and gave a stronger association with CRC, than when analyzing the components of the CDQI individually.

This review focuses on the potential opportunities to incorporate functional ingredients like probiotics in the dairy fat-rich matrix to develop functional foods. Many dietary guidelines and the relevant literature have in general indicated many benefits of consuming milk-fat-rich products for the human body. Milk fat contains essential nutrients, including fat-soluble vitamins; short-, medium-, and long-chain with odd and branched chain fatty acids; essential amino acids; and calcium, which are all known for their bioactive properties. In addition, the incorporation of probiotics, which are known for their bioactive properties, could further enhance the products’ attributes. However, direct probiotic addition is known to encounter viability challenges during manufacturing and storage. There is thus an opportunity to introduce a value-added range of dairy fat-rich products imparting bioactive and functional benefits. The current review is an attempt to consolidate information in this area and explore further avenues for the value addition of dairy fat-rich products.