Abstract
Objectives: To determine the current tobacco smoking prevalence among Iranian adults, its geographical distribution in 2011, 2016, and time trend during 2004-2016.Methods: We conducted a pooled analysis of the published reports of 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, and the data of 2011 and 2016 of the STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk-factor surveillance (STEPS) surveys.Results: The prevalence of current tobacco smoking and current daily cigarette smoking in 2016 was 14.1 and 9.7%, respectively. Only 0.2% of participants smoked water-pipe. Current tobacco smoking prevalence remained unchanged during 2004-2016 for both men and women. The prevalence of passive smoking at home or workplace was 27.4%. Current tobacco smoking prevalence and current daily cigarette smoking was significantly lower among women than men. Current tobacco smoking prevalence showed a geographical pattern throughout the country. In both 2011 and 2016, current tobacco smoking prevalence was higher among men who lived in the western provinces, especially the north-west, than those who lived in the eastern and southern provinces.Conclusions: The current tobacco smoking prevalence among Iranian population has not changed significantly during 2004-2016 and does not conform to the international guidelines. Therefore, it remains crucial yet challenging that effective nationwide policies be implemented to reduce the use of tobacco products. One cannot hope for any reductions in smoking prevalence until a cocktail of interventions are built around strong commitment to government policy.
Highlights
Smoking is the second leading risk-factor for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)
The current tobacco smoking prevalence increased with age, from 13.5% among men aged 18–25 to the observed peak of 33.1% among men aged 51–55 years; it decreased to 16.7% among men aged more than 70
The current tobacco smoking prevalence increased with age, from 2.0% among those aged 18–25 to 5.8% among those aged more than 80
Summary
Smoking is the second leading risk-factor for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). It accounted for 7.6 million deaths in 2019, 13.6% of all deaths globally. Smoking was considered responsible for nearly 200 million DALYs, 7.9% of all DALYs globally [1]. Smoking is a risk-factor for six of the eight leading causes of death [2], prevention of smoking as a modifiable risk-factor has received improper attention. The 2030-Agenda-for-Sustainable-Development-Goals has highlighted the necessity for a joint-action to reduce current-smoking-prevalence [3].
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