Abstract
The imminent depletion of conventional energy sources has motivated the advancement of renewable energy technologies. Third-generation photovoltaic technologies, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), organic solar cells (OSCs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs), are being developed as alternatives to silicon solar cells. In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the market development of these emerging photovoltaic technologies, especially for sustainable solar energy applications. However, these technologies have not yet reached the maturity required for large-scale commercialization. Further research is required in order to improve the efficiency and stability of these devices, while keeping their production costs to a minimum. In this study, a comparative assessment of DSSCs, OSCs, and PSCs is conducted and the current state of the art of these promising technologies is investigated. Advanced techniques and research trends are examined from the perspective of novel materials, device modelling, and innovative device structures. The comparative advantages and limitations of each of these photovoltaic technologies are assessed in terms of device efficiency, durability, ease of fabrication, and performance-price ratio. Emphasis is placed on assessing the potential of these solar cell technologies for sustainable solar energy applications. Finally, the future outlook of these technologies is featured, and avenues for progress beyond the state of the art are explored.
Highlights
Fossil fuel resources are rapidly being depleted due to increasing global energy demand
We present a comparative assessment of the following photovoltaic technologies: dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and organic solar cells
The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OPVs has increased from 6% in 2009 [33] to over 16% within a decade [34]
Summary
Fossil fuel resources are rapidly being depleted due to increasing global energy demand. The successful commercialization of emerging solar cell technologies cannot be based solely on achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) These technologies need to become cost-competitive with conventional power generation. (i) Minimum system cost (ii) Maximum initial performance (iii) Minimum loss of performance over time These emerging photovoltaic technologies, promising for sustainable solar energy applications, have not yet achieved large-scale commercialization [7]. We present a comparative assessment of the following photovoltaic technologies: dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and organic solar cells This first section of the paper provides an introduction of the three emerging technologies and highlights the requirements that need to be met for their large-scale commercialization. A comparative assessment of potential applications and products is conducted, with the aim of ascertaining the suitability of each of these emerging technologies for various sustainable solar energy applications, ranging from wearables and small-scale devices to large-scale applications, such as vehicles and buildings
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