Current state of developments and research of new candidate vaccines against tuberculosis (literature review)

Abstract

147 literature sources on Tuberculosis vaccine, Vaccine prevention of tuberculosis were considered, 33 of them were studied in detail.According to the WHO report, 14 candidates for the TB vaccine are in clinical trials, including the AEC/BC02, Ad5 Ag85A and ChAdOx185A-MVA85A phase 1 vaccines, MTBVAC, ID93+GLA-SE, TB / FLU-04L and the GamB phase vaccine. 2a, amplifiers DAR-901, H56:IC31, M72/AS01, BCG revaccination and RUTI vaccine in phase 2b, VPM1002 and MIP/Immuvac in phase 3. Candidate TB vaccines vary in type and purpose.By type of vaccine are: subunit, vector, genetically modified live recombinant vaccines, live attenuated vaccines containing M. tuberculosis, inactivated vaccines.Subunit TB vaccines — contain purified immunoactive protein components isolated from M. tuberculosis with the addition of an adjuvant to enhance their immunogenic properties.Recombinant live vaccines — use a live vector to deliver heterologous antigens that elicit an immune response.Weakened live vaccines — contain a variant of a live pathogen that has been weakened to prevent serious disease when administered.Inactivated tuberculosis vaccines are designed to prevent and treat TB and are still being studied. These are vaccines with inactivated whole bacteria or their cleavage fragments, prepared physically or chemically.According to the purpose, vaccine candidates are studied in different target groups as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, in the context of anti-relapse prophylaxis and therapeutic vaccination, as well as to prevent the activation of LTBI in HIV-infected and contact persons.The results of recent clinical trials are important in addressing critical knowledge gaps and will clearly demonstrate the value of new TB vaccination strategies for endemic countries, and will shape the next generation of clinical trials.