Abstract
Hydrogen energy, with environment amicable, renewable, efficiency, and cost-effective advantages, is the future mainstream substitution of fossil-based fuel. However, the extremely low volumetric density gives rise to the main challenge in hydrogen storage, and therefore, exploring effective storage techniques is key hurdles that need to be crossed to accomplish the sustainable hydrogen economy. Hydrogen physically or chemically stored into nanomaterials in the solid-state is a desirable prospect for effective large-scale hydrogen storage, which has exhibited great potentials for applications in both reversible onboard storage and regenerable off-board storage applications. Its attractive points include safe, compact, light, reversibility, and efficiently produce sufficient pure hydrogen fuel under the mild condition. This review comprehensively gathers the state-of-art solid-state hydrogen storage technologies using nanostructured materials, involving nanoporous carbon materials, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, porous aromatic frameworks, nanoporous organic polymers, and nanoscale hydrides. It describes significant advances achieved so far, and main barriers need to be surmounted to approach practical applications, as well as offers a perspective for sustainable energy research.
Highlights
Energy serves as the only universal impetus that drives virtually all social and individual activities, such as transportation, residential electricity generation, and commercial applications [1,2,3,4,5,6]
The results showed that the polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) with 60 wt% activated carbon (AC) or 40 wt% metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) could be used for film casting processes and the obtained films exhibited 1.6–2.5 times larger hydrogen intake capabilities
The widespread of hydrogen fuel has a profound effect for the expected transition from a fossil fuel-based system to a clean energy system
Summary
Energy serves as the only universal impetus that drives virtually all social and individual activities, such as transportation, residential electricity generation, and commercial applications [1,2,3,4,5,6]. With the development of hydrogen technology, the renewable energy-based processes of hydrogen production, such as solar photochemical and photobiological water decomposition, water electrolysis, and biomass-conversion, have been developed [21,22,23,24,25]. These methods are eco-friendly and high efficiency; due to the high cost, they are unable to be the technology of choice for the massive production of H2 so far. The traditional hydrogen storage approach is characterized by physically increase hydrogen gas density using high pressure or extremely low temperature, resulting in the cost and security concerns. This review concludes by offering developing strategies for endeavouring to improve hydrogen storage performance toward sustainable and economical applications
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