Abstract
This study collected basic information and conducted waste composition surveys to identify the present management condition of construction and demolition waste (CDW) landfills in Hanoi of Vietnam and to characterize waste composition and grain size distribution of CDW dumped at landfills. Basic information on seven CDW landfills under operation or closed/abandoned was collected, and the waste composition and the grain size distributions of dumped CDW at two landfills were investigated. Results showed that only one landfill site is currently under operation in Hanoi. Sanitary conditions of investigated landfills were relatively good without dumping of hazardous waste. Illegal dumping of domestic waste from residents, however, could be observed more or less at all sites due to an unclear boundary between dumping and surrounding areas. To improve current management of CDW landfills, a suitable recording system of accepted/dumped CDW and technical support for site managers are required as well as the implementation plan for developing and renovating landfills. Based on the results of the waste composition survey, the major components of dumped CDW were “Concrete”, “Clay bricks”, and “Soil-like”, and the sum of these materials reached >80% of the total. Grain size distributions of “Concrete” ranged from 10–600 mm and of “Clay bricks” ranged from 10–300 mm. Technical recommendations to examine a potential availability of dumped “Concrete” and “Clay bricks” as a base material in road construction are summarized from the viewpoints of segregation from “Soil-like” and impurities, grading of “Concrete” and “Clay bricks”, mechanical properties and environmental safety, and economic feasibility. The findings in this study raise challenges and perspectives to establish sound CDW management and to promote sustainable development of CDW recycling in Vietnam.
Highlights
Introduction conditions of the Creative CommonsUnsustainable use of natural resources is a cause of the climate crisis and widespread environmental degradation (e.g., [1,2])
Many investigations were carried out to characterize construction and demolition waste (CDW) generated from construction and building demolishing sites (e.g., [30,31]), but very limited studies and no reliable data and information on CDW landfills such as present management practices and conditions or waste composition of CDW dumped at landfills are available in Vietnam
This paper described the present management conditions of CDW landfills in Hanoi, Vietnam and characterized the waste composition of CDW dumped at landfills through basic information and waste composition surveys
Summary
Unsustainable use of natural resources is a cause of the climate crisis and widespread environmental degradation (e.g., [1,2]). From the viewpoints of material efficiency and conservation of finite natural resources, more attention has been paid to sound CDW management and recycling to achieve sustainable development in developing countries, e.g., [11,12]. In developing countries including Vietnam, on the other hand, unrecyclable and/or hardly recyclable materials as well as hazardous and toxic materials are mixed with concrete and clay brick waste and dumped together at CDW landfills due to the lack of waste segregation. Many investigations were carried out to characterize CDW generated from construction and building demolishing sites (e.g., [30,31]), but very limited studies and no reliable data and information on CDW landfills such as present management practices and conditions or waste composition of CDW dumped at landfills are available in Vietnam. This paper summarizes challenges and recommendations obtained through the survey results and discusses the potential availability of dumped CDW as a base material in road construction
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