Abstract
Silver and gold nanoparticles can be found in a range of household products related to almost every area of life, including patches, bandages, paints, sportswear, personal care products, food storage equipment, cosmetics, disinfectants, etc. Their confirmed ability to enter the organism through respiratory and digestive systems, skin, and crossing the blood–brain barrier raises questions of their potential effect on cell function. Therefore, this manuscript aimed to summarize recent reports concerning the influence of variables such as size, shape, concentration, type of coating, or incubation time, on effects of gold and silver nanoparticles on cultured cell lines. Due to the increasingly common use of AgNP and AuNP in multiple branches of the industry, further studies on the effects of nanoparticles on different types of cells and the general natural environment are needed to enable their long-term use. However, some environmentally friendly solutions to chemically synthesized nanoparticles are also investigated, such as plant-based synthesis methods.
Highlights
In Sprague–Dawley rats subject to inhalation exposure, silver nanoparticles were detected in the blood and lungs
ROS are produced as intermediate products. Their concentrations in cellular organelles are strongly regulated by various detoxifying enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), or by different antioxidants including flavonoids, ascorbic acids, vitamin E, and glutathione (GSH)
A link between the phenomenon of apoptosis and incubation of silver nanoparticles in different sizes has been proposed by researchers: Carlson et al [89]—Based on the intensity analysis of fluorescent cationic dye, 5,50,6,60 tetrachlor-1,10,3,30 - tetraethyl-benzamidazolocarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), it was shown that 55 nm AgNPs, in contrast to 15 and 30 nm, did not lead to significant toxicity at concentrations up to 50–75 μg/mL
Summary
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) is mainly motivated by their relatively large surface-to-volume area during interaction with cells Further advantages include their specific physicochemical characteristics, such as catalytic properties and relatively low melting point (compared to the macroscopic properties of the metal they are derived from). Due to the optical properties of silver nanoparticles, they strongly interact with specific wavelengths of light, to which they have found wide use in biomedical applications, e.g., in vitro cellular imaging systems [21]. Due to their optical properties, noble metal nanoparticles can be used, for example, as an active ingredient in SPR (surface plasmon resonance) biosensors [22,23,24,25]
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