Abstract
The quality of psychological studies substantially depends on their experimental design. The design has to be specified before starting data collection. Wrong decisions concerning the design can only be corrected with great difficulty later on, if at all. Thus, considerable attention should be devoted to the experimental design. An experimental design concerns all steps of how to perform the experiment. Therefore, many questions have to be answered, for instance: How many factors, levels per factor, and time points need to be investigated? Should the factors be fixed or random? How many experimental units should be selected for each condition? Which covariates have to be included? Many criteria to evaluate the goodness of designs have been developed. Designs should provide precise estimates of parameters and allow for sound testing of hypotheses. Thus, small standard errors of the estimates and a high power of the test are preferable. Furthermore, internal and external validity are among other standards which are mainly affected by the experimental design. Optimal design considers an important issue in experi
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