Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) was characterized by late-onset, progressive dopamine neuron loss and movement disorders. The progresses of PD affected the neural function and integrity. To date, most researches had largely addressed the dopamine replacement therapies, but the appearance of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia hampered the use of the drug. And the mechanism of PD is so complicated that it's hard to solve the problem by just add drugs. Researchers began to focus on the genetic underpinnings of Parkinson's disease, searching for new method that may affect the neurodegeneration processes in it. In this paper, we reviewed current delivery methods used in gene therapies for PD, we also summarized the primary target of the gene therapy in the treatment of PD, such like neurotrophic factor (for regeneration), the synthesis of neurotransmitter (for prolong the duration of L-dopa), and the potential proteins that might be a target to modulate via gene therapy. Finally, we discussed RNA interference therapies used in Parkinson's disease, it might act as a new class of drug. We mainly focus on the efficiency and tooling features of different gene therapies in the treatment of PD.
Highlights
Treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD)With the improvement of the medical care, people enjoyed a longer life span, but it bring about aging problems
The useing of dopamine receptor agonists, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were classified as dopaminergic treatment for PD (Fang et al, 2015; Sharma et al, 2015)
The globus pallidus internus (GPi) surgery has a direct effect on dyskinesia while the subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has a benefit on reducing the dopaminergic drug dose (Munhoz et al, 2014; Poortvliet et al, 2015)
Summary
With the improvement of the medical care, people enjoyed a longer life span, but it bring about aging problems. PD is so complicated that treating PD is to treat a moving target, as the disease progressed, one therapy could not solve all the problems (Simonato et al, 2013; Kakkar and Dahiya, 2015). Treatment for PD can be classified as 3 different types: pharmacotherapy, functional neurosurgery, transplantation and gene therapy. Using of COMT and MAO inhibitors can reduce the motor fluctuations of patients. The GPi surgery has a direct effect on dyskinesia while the subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) has a benefit on reducing the dopaminergic drug dose (Munhoz et al, 2014; Poortvliet et al, 2015). The effectiveness of the drugs declined, it became incapable for patients to control the motor symptoms (Olanow et al, 2009; Bartus et al, 2014). The nigrostriatalmediated motor impairment still lacked an adequate solution
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