Abstract
Recent advances in the development of immunosensors using polymeric nanomaterials and nanoparticles have enabled a wide range of new functions and applications in diagnostic and prognostic research. One fundamental challenge that all immunosensors must overcome is to provide the specificity of target molecular recognition by immobilizing antibodies, antibody fragments, and/or other peptides or oligonucleotide molecules that are capable of antigen recognition on a compact device surface. This review presents progress in the application of immobilization strategies including the classical adsorption process, affinity attachment, random cross-linking and specific covalent linking. The choice of immobilization methods and its impact on biosensor performance in terms of capture molecule loading, orientation, stability and capture efficiency are also discussed in this review.
Highlights
Antibody (Ab) and antibody fragment-based biosensors or immunosensors are compact tools capable of providing sensitive and rapid detection or capture of a range of pathogens or cells of interests for further analysis
The performance of an immnosensor depends upon three key factors: (1) the binding affinity and specificity of antigen binding molecules; (2) the accessibility and proportion of binding sites intact after immobilization; and (3) the density of binding molecules coated on the surface of immunosensor
We presented the most popular conjugation methods for each different binding molecule category (Table 2)
Summary
Antibody (Ab) and antibody fragment-based biosensors or immunosensors are compact tools capable of providing sensitive and rapid detection or capture of a range of pathogens or cells of interests for further analysis. To identify new and useful immunosensors, scientists must exploit recent advances in the development of nanomaterial solid supports with ideal surface properties, such as surfaces that employ antigen specific capture molecules for immunochemical reactions or antigen binding. Initial truncations were achieved through proteolysis and later by genetic engineering to provide mono- or multi-valent fragments Such Ab derivatives are bona fide alternatives to full size mAbs as they retain the targeting specificity of the prototype but can be produced more economically with recombinant expression. Progress in the development of Abs and Ab-derivative-based biosensors for disease surveillance and monitoring is reviewed, with an emphasis on recent advancement in conjugation methods for the attachment of proteins solid surfaces. The advantages and limitations of antibodies and their derivatives in the context of conjugation methods used in current immunosensors are discussed
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