Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6), being a major component of homeostasis, immunomodulation, and hematopoiesis, manifests multiple pathological conditions when upregulated in response to viral, microbial, carcinogenic, or autoimmune stimuli. High fidelity immunosensors offer real-time monitoring of IL-6 and facilitate early prognosis of life-threatening diseases. Different approaches to augment robustness and enhance overall performance of biosensors have been demonstrated over the past few years. Electrochemical- and fluorescence-based detection methods with integrated electronics have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. In this review, the pleiotropic role of IL-6 and its clinical significance is discussed in detail, followed by detection schemes devised so far for their quantitative analysis. A critical review on underlying signal amplification strategies and performance of electrochemical and optical biosensors is presented. In conclusion, we discuss the reliability and feasibility of the proposed detection technologies for commercial applications.
Highlights
During the past few decades, interleukin 6 (IL-6) has drawn the attention of immunologists and molecular pathologists because of its pleiotropic functions in human body [1,2,3,4,5]
When the readout signal is generated by the direct interaction of detecting analyte with primary antibody which is immobilized on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coated on electrode surface, we refer it as direct electrochemical immunoassay
LG-field effect transistor (FET) for IL-6 detection was tested for non-specific binding (NSB) with equal concentrations of IL-6, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and Cysteine A, and the drain current produced by specific binding of analyte was 18.7%, whereas a
Summary
During the past few decades, interleukin 6 (IL-6) has drawn the attention of immunologists and molecular pathologists because of its pleiotropic functions in human body [1,2,3,4,5]. The estrogen level drops down in aging women, which results in increased production of IL-6 by osteoclasts, thereby accelerating the bone resorption process [86,87] It can be used as a prognostic marker to determine the severity of osteoporosis in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis [88,89,90]. It is correlated with an increased level of an inflammatory protein, called CRP, which triggers and assists building up of inflammatory tissue lining in the patient’s joint [91,92]. We will discuss the structure and sensing mechanism of different electrochemical and optical biosensors designed for IL-6 detection in detail and assess its performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, dynamic range, and stability
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