Abstract
Nanoparticles have long been known and their biomedical potent activities have proven that these can provide an alternative to other drugs. In the current study, copper oxide, nickel oxide and copper/nickel hybrid NPs were biosynthesized by using Curcuma longa root extracts as a reducing and capping agent, followed by characterization via UV-spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermo galvanometric analysis (TGA), and band gap. FTIR spectroscopy shows the availability of various functional groups and biomolecules such as carbohydrate, protein, polysaccharides, etc. The EDX peak confirmed that the elemental nickel and copper were present in large quantity in the analyzed sample. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the synthesized CuO-NPs and NiO-NPs were polyhedral uniform and homogeneous in morphology, while the copper/nickel hybrid NPs were well dispersed, spherical in shape, and uniform in size. TEM micrographs of CuO-NPs had 27.72 nm, NiO had 23.13 nm and, for their hybrid, the size was 17.38 nm, which was confirmed respectively. The CuO and NiO NPs possessed spherical- to multi-headed shapes, while their hybrid showed a complete spherical shape, small size, and polydispersed NPs. The XRD spectra revealed that the average particle size for CuO, NiO, and hybrid were 29.7 nm, 28 nm and 27 nm, respectively. Maximum anti-diabetic inhibition of (52.35 ± 0.76: CuO-NPs, 68.1 ± 0.93: NiO-NPs and 74.23 ± 0.42: Cu + Ni hybrids) for α-amylase and (39.25 ± 0.18 CuO-NPs, 52.35 ± 1.32: NiO-NPs and 62.32 ± 0.48: Cu + Ni hybrids) for α-glucosidase were calculated, respectively, at 400 µg/mL. The maximum antioxidants capacity was observed as 65.1 ± 0.83 μgAAE/mg for Cu-Ni hybrids, 58.39 ± 0.62 μgAAE/mg for NiO-NPs, and 52.2 ± 0.31 μgAAE/mg for CuO-NPs, respectively, at 400 μg/mL. The highest antibacterial activity of biosynthesized NPs was observed against P. aeuroginosa (28 ± 1.22) and P. vulgaris (25 ± 1.73) for Cu + Ni hybrids, respectively. Furthermore, the antibiotics were coated with NPs, and activity was noted. Significant anti-leishmanial activity of 60.5 ± 0.53 and 68.4 ± 0.59 for Cu + Ni hybrids; 53.2 ± 0.48 and 61.2 ± 0.44 for NiO-NPs; 49.1 ± 0.39 and 56.2 ± 0.45 for CuO-NPs at 400 μg/mL were recorded for promastigote and amastigotes, respectively. The biosynthesized NPs also showed significant anti-cancerous potential against HepG2 cell lines. It was concluded from the study that NPs are potential agents to be used as an alternative to antimicrobial agents.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is recognized as an established cutting-edge technology with a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and other industries [1]
Numerous therapeutic activities have been assigned to C. longa for a wide variety of diseases and conditions including those of the skin, pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders
When the reaction was carried out between C. longa and respective salts, the color of the mixture changed from dark brown to black and dark gray, which confirmed the biosynthesis of CuO-NPs, NiO-NPs, and Cu-Ni alloy NPs [46,47,48]
Summary
Nanotechnology is recognized as an established cutting-edge technology with a wide range of applications in the pharmaceutical and other industries [1]. Many nanoscale devices have been developed using a number of methods since the dawn of nanotechnology. Standard approaches to nanoparticle synthesis have a number of disadvantages, including long-term production, high costs, time consuming methods, and the use of toxic compounds, in particular. Because of these limitations, the majority of related research has concentrated on environmentally sustainable and fast synthesis protocols for nanoparticle processing [6,7,8,9]. Material science has prioritized the advancement of environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing nanoscale materials. Nanoscale technology has since improved the human quality of living by addressing a variety of issues such as industrial prosperity, climate change, food, clothes, and healthcare, as well as the treatment of lethal diseases such as cancer, respiratory infections, and Alzheimer’s disease [13,14]
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