Abstract
Ginseng is an ancient herb widely consumed due to its healing property of active ginsenosides. Recent researchers were explored to increase its absorption and bioavailability of ginsenosides at the metabolic sites, due to its pharmacological activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characteristics of components obtained by a shorter steaming cycle (seven cycles) of white ginseng to fermented black ginseng, using a novel strain of Aspergillus niger KHNT-1 isolated from fermented soybean. The degree of bioactive of Rg3 increased effectively during the steaming process, and biotransformation converted the color towards black along active ginsenosides. Glycol moiety associated with C-3, C-6, or C-20 underwent rapid biotransformation and hydrolysis, such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd → Rg3, F2, and was converted to CK. Dehydration produces Rg3 → Rk1, Rg5. Rh2 → Rk2; thus, converted fermented black ginseng was solvent-extracted, and the isolated components were identified by TLC, HPLC, and quantification by LCMS. The unique composition obtained during this process with Rk1, Rg3, Rg5, and CK is nontoxic to HaCaT cell line up to 200 ug/mL for 24 h and was found to be effective in B16BL6 cell lines, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, it is a suitable candidate for nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals.
Highlights
An ancient herbal from East Asia, Panax ginseng Meyer gained its importance for its medicinal property
White ginseng needed energy for penetration, whereas the penetration abilities are higher for red, and the highest is for fermented black ginseng [8]
Compound K is one of the most important ginsenosides, because it has a higher degree of biofunctional activity, and β-Glucosidase derived from Aspergillus usamii KCTC 6954 was applied for the bioconversion of ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K, which shows comparatively higher bio-activity
Summary
An ancient herbal from East Asia, Panax ginseng Meyer (family Araliaceae) gained its importance for its medicinal property. The biological activities of PPT and PPD depend on the number and position of sugar moieties linked to the aglycone [2] This deglycosylation rate determines the effect of ginsenosides on human metabolism. The third important method of transformation in a biological process is using the enzymatic conditions that have their unique significance in sustaining important actives of ginsenosides [5] This biotransformation includes various industrial-grade or food-grade agents, such as enzymatic hydrolysis, intestinal bacteria for selective conversions to mimic biological conditions, Endophytic bacteria, Edible bacteria, and soil microbes, etc. Considering the significant importance of Aspergillus niger, we isolated the strain from fermented soybean for the conversion of ginsenosides. The isolated strain from Aspergillus niger is named KHNT-1(NCBI Accession number: MT804610), and the biotransformation was made due to the deglycosylation at C3, C6, and C20 positions
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