Cumulative effects of photobleaching in volumetric STED imaging—artefacts and possible benefits

Abstract

In stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging, the excitation and depletion laser beams extend well beyond the focal plane in the imaged sample. We investigated how photobleaching resulting from this irradiation can affect STED images, by acquiring 3D images of fluorescent polystyrene beads using a 2D STED microscope, and applying different Z pixel sizes, scanning speeds, resulting in different laser light doses. While higher STED beam irradiances can increase the spatial resolution, they can also significantly increase photobleaching and thereby reduce signal-to-background levels. In 2D STED imaging, based on a single scan within the focal plane, scan parameters can often be selected to avoid photobleaching effects. Upon 3D optical sectioning experiments however, using the same scan parameters, additional cumulative effects of photobleaching may appear, due to the extension of the excitation and depletion laser beams beyond the focal planes being scanned. Apart from a reduction in signal-to-background levels, such photobleaching can lead to an apparent shift of the axial localization of the objects in the images, but also to an increased resolution in the axial dimension. These findings, confirmed by simulations based on a simplified model for photobleaching, suggests some caution in volumetric STED imaging experiments, but also a possibility for enhanced axial resolution in such experiments.