Cultural Values in the Novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer: A Literary Anthropology Study

This study aims to determine the stylistic study of the novel “Gadis Pantai” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its relevance as reading material in high school. The method used in this research is the descriptive method. The research data is in the form of words, sentences, and expressions described to explain stylistic studies in the novel “Gadis Pantai” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, namely, diction, the figure of speech, images, and their relevance as reading material in high school. The results obtained in this study are the use of diction, namely the connotative word and Javanese vocabulary, there is the use of the figure of speech, namely comparison, contradiction, affirmation, and satire. Controversy figures consist of simile figures, metaphorical figures, personification figures, sinekdoke figures, hyperbolic figures, antonomasia figures, and eponymous figures. The affirmation language consists of ellipsis and repitition figure. The satire language consists of the irony figure and the antifrasis figure. There is the use of imagery, namely hearing images, visual images, olfactory images, tactile images, taste images, and intellectual imagery, and the novel “Gadis Pantai” by Pramoedya Ananta Toer is very relevant to be used as reading material, this is because the stories in the novel “Gadis Pantai” contain many messages morals, one of which is so that we can respect others, and do not look at other people from their caste and position. By reading this novel “Gadis Pantai”, can add a source of inspiration and the many uses of stylistic studies in the novel “Gadis Pantai” can increase vocabulary for students. This vocabulary can be used by students when writing a fictional story such as a novel.

This research aims to describe (1) the representation of women's injustice in the novel Girl Beach, (2) the representation of women's struggle in the novel Girl Beach by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The design of this research is qualitative descriptive. The data source used is the novel Pantai Girl by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, published in 2003, 270 pages, publisher Lentera Dipantara, in Jakarta. The data collection technique that the author uses in this research uses the documentation method. The data collected was in the form of quotes regarding the representation of injustice and the struggles of female characters sourced from the novel Pantai Girl by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The results of the research are that the main character in the novel Pantai Girl by Pramoedya Ananta Toer experiences injustice which includes subordination (assuming it is not important in decisions), stereotypes (negative labeling), violence (violence), and double burden (double burden), while the representation of the character's struggle in Fighting injustice in the novel Pantai Girl by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, namely the character Pantai Girl fights back by expressing opinions and resistance in the form of physical actions.

This research is motivated by the many cases of marginalization found in women's themed novels written by one of the maestro of Indonesian literature, Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The novels written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer are known to often raise social problems that occurred at that time, including cases of marginalization of women. Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasti and Gadis Pantai are several novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer which tell the life journey of women as the main characters. The many forms of marginalization of rights experienced by women in these novels become something interesting for researchers. The purpose of this research is to uncover the representation of women's marginalization that occurs in the novels by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The research method used is Sara Mills' critical discourse analysis which has been developed by Eryanto. Sara Mills' Critical Discourse Analysis emphasizes her study on the positioning of actors in the text or what is generally known as the subject-object position and the writer-reader position, however, the focus of this research is the subject-object position. The data collection technique used is literature study and documentation. The results of this study indicate that in the novel Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasati, Gadis Pantai written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, there are several forms of marginalization experienced by female characters in the novel. In addition to getting marginal treatment, the female character in the novel is also positioned as an object in the storytelling.


 
 
 This study aimed to describe the intertextual relationship between the novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and the novel Para Priyayi by Umar Kayam through the analysis of theme, characterization, setting, plot, and social class. This was qualitative descriptive research. Based on the data analysis, it was found that there are differences in the intrinsic elements of both novels, namely: (a) the theme of the Gadis Pantai novel is humanity, while the theme of the Para Priyayi novel is the struggle for a better life; (b) the main characters in Gadis Pantai are Gadis Pantai and Bendoro, while the main characters in Para Priyayi are Sastrodarsono and Lantip; (c) Gadis Pantai uses a nineteenth-century setting (in Rembang Regency and the Javanese social background), while Para Priyayi uses a setting of 1910 (in Wanagalih, Wanalawas, Yogyakarta, Solo, and Jakarta, with a Javanese social background); and (d) Gadis Pantai uses a chronological plot, while Para Priyayi uses a mixed plot. Also, the social class of the characters in the two novels consist of the priyayi and the wong cilik class, but differences exist in the ways presented to obtain social status. We can conclude that the novel Gadis Pantai is a hypogram whereas the novel Para Priyayi is a transformation.
 Keywords: Gadis Pantai novel, Para Priyayi novel, social class, intertextual studies, Javanese culture
 
 

The background of this study begins from people who rarely use monoligual language (one language). But in daily life, there are still many people who use two languages (bilingualism). People who use local languages and Indonesian language for example. The purpose of this study is to describe bilingualism in novels as a sociolinguistic study that examines language in assessment with the user community. This research is used to provide information to readers about the bilingualism in Gadis Pantai (The Girl from the Coast) by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This study uses qualitative research with content analysis methods. The data source used in this study is primary data in the form of novel as the main data source. Secondary data of this study are reference books that support the study conducted by researchers. This research is useful for studying bilingualism in Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta. From the results of the study and discussion it can be concluded that Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer contains 25 sentences in bilingualism. Bilingualism that is found is between Javanese language and Indonesian language but indonesian dominated. Bilingualism is not only found directly in the communication of the language community but also can be found in literary works. This type of literary work can be in the form of a novel. Bilingualism in novels is found in conversations between characters in the novel.

As a literature in the form of novel, Gadis Pantai actually has a hidden meaning which Pramoedya wants to present as the author. The mistress practice is not only presented as a kind of discriminative behavior toward Javanese women, but also has a correlation with Pramoedya social background and ideology. This research methodology employed in this research is Sara Mills’ Critical Discourse Analysis model which focuses on feminism discourse. The nature of study using this model tends on political text writing related to author’s ideology and the extensive meaning that Gadis Pantai novel comprehensively expects to bring about. The results of this study show that Pramoedya Ananta Toer tends to explore injustice experienced by Javanese women represented by Gadis Pantai to criticize feudalism practices in Java. By presenting the injustice experienced by Gadis Pantai, Pramoedya Ananta Toer actually wants to awaken readers’ awareness and empathy towards what happened to Gadis Pantai. He also invites readers to fight injustice practices in all aspects, especially those which relate to Javanese culture which still employs social classes in its society, and places a woman as a secondary being after a man and as a suppressed one. Pramoedya employs a novel as media in transferring his thoughts and ideology to change social construction in Javanese society which has been inherited from generation to generation.

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The purpose of this study is to describe the existence of women in the perspective of male authors in terms of existentialist, liberal feminism studies and the differences between the two theories from the novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This research is a type of qualitative descriptive research so that the preparation of the design is designed based on the principles of qualitative research methods, namely collecting, processing, reducing, analyzing, and presenting data objectively or in accordance with the facts of the data. The source of the data in this research is the novel by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, entitled Gadis Pantai. The results showed that; (1) the author's perspective in reflecting on the main character of existentialist feminism so that there is resistance in the social sphere regarding women's rights in the colonial era; (2) the author's perspective from liberal feminism, namely the respect for obedient men to women by looking at their social status; and (3) the difference between existentialist feminism and liberal feminism lies in the right to exist and freedom of women in the family and social spheres. The author's factor in reflecting on women's resistance in the novel Gadis Pantai is to fight Javanese feudalism which was greedy for power in the colonial era.

This research discusses about the identity forms of postcolonial in Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. It was analyzed by Homi K. Bhabas postcolonial theory. The goal of this research is to describe and to analyze the postcolonial identity forms in Gadis Pantai that written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The result of this research can support literary works, especially postcolonial study and its using in literary research. The method of this research is descriptive qualitative. It was done by some ways, it consist of to collect data, to manage data, and to analyze data. Then the data was managed and analyzed. Analyzing data used the deconstruction method. This research took some conclusions, they are 1) the postcolonial identity consists of stereotype, mimicry, hybrid, and ambivalence was found on novel, 2) the colonizer created stereotype if their colony people is just their slaves. The colony people do mimicry by to imitate about fashion, foods, and game of the colonizer. The hybrid between the colonizer and colony people was found in drinking coffee style, using shoes, culinary, and tools of eat. Ambivalence in this novel was found in character Bendoro and Mardinah.

This study examines gender inequality in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novel Gadis Pantai (The Beach Girl) using a feminist approach, focusing on the portrayal of patriarchal domination and its impact on the female character, Gadis Pantai. The gap seen in related literature often overlooks the importance of studying gender inequality in Indonesian literature, especially in terms of the influence of social structures on women's lives. This study aims to identify and analyse the forms of gender inequality experienced by Gadis Pantai, including subordination, marginalisation, stereotyping, double burden, and violence. Using a qualitative approach and literary text analysis, this study finds that the gender inequality depicted in this novel is highly relevant to the issues of gender inequality that still exist in contemporary society. The main findings show that although Gadis Pantai struggles to gain autonomy and freedom, she remains trapped in a role determined by a patriarchal system that limits her potential. This study affirms that Gadis Pantai is not only a literary work that reflects social injustice in the past, but also serves as a relevant social critique for fighting for gender equality in modern society.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, through her social reality novels, presents ideas filled with messages of the struggle for and appreciation of the values of humanity. One of these ideas is the representation of women, presented in Bumi Manusia, Gadis Pantai, Midah Si Manis Bergigi Emas, Larasati, Arok Dedes, and Cerita Calon Arang. These six novels were analyzed using feminist literary criticism. Using qualitative method, this study reveals and describes 1) the position of female characters in their relationship with the other characters; 2) the struggle of female characters in their relationship with the other characters; and 3) the factors that support and hinder the struggle of female characters in Pramoedya Ananta Toer's novels. Based on the results, the women in the six novels put an effort in dismantling (deconstructing) the dominance of patriarchal ideology, promoting familialism as well as gender equality, and favoring the ideology of women in general.

The purpose of this study is to describe: (1) language, (2) knowledge systems, (3) the equipment system of life and technology, (4) livelihood systems, (5) religious system, and (6) arts in the novel entitled Bumi Manusia written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The approach used in this study is anthropological literature approach. The data collection techniques used in this study are using log read, literature, and an analysis description. Data analysis technique used in this research is a qualitative descriptive analysis. The results obtained are as follows. (1) language: that kowe and Nyai (2) knowledge systems: some kinds of foods such as kopi susu and rujak, (3) the equipment system of life and technology: means of transportation that are dokar and kursi goyang, (4) livelihood systems: the object used is a pencil, (5) the religious system is in the form of flowers, and (6) art is in the form.

The struggling of gender equalities was discussed often in various disciplines and discourses, a part is in literature. This paper analyzes the gender equalities struggle in two novels: Abidah El-Khalieqy’s Perempuan Berkalung Surban and Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s Gadis Pantai. El-Khalieqy is a woman who has runs a pesantren “educational institute with a Moslem background” and Toer is a man who favors a nationalistic-socialist ideology, with an emphasis on literary realism. A literary -sociological and a feminist critical approach were used in analyzing both novels. The result of the analysis shows that gender struggle in the novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban is caused by male oppression of women based on the explanation and interpretation of very patriarchal verses from the Al Qur’an (Islam religion). The gender struggle in novel Gadis Pantai is caused by male oppression of women based on feudalistic traditions, the woman as private property of men. Being placed in this feudalistic position, women then respond with struggles for equality.

The struggling of gender in the male hegemony challance were discussed often in discourse, a part is in literature. This paper was analyzed the gender struggle in two novel i.e. Perempuan Berkalung Surban (The Woman to wear a necklace of headdress) novel, that wrote by Abidah El-Khalieqy and Gadis Pantai (The Beach Girl) novel, that wrote by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. The first novel is wrote by a woman have pesantren ‘educational institute with a Moslem bacground’ background and second novel is wrote by a man have nasionalism-realism-socialist ideology. To analyze second novel have used sociology of literature and with feminist literature chritic approach.Result of analyze are shown that gender struggle in novel Perempuan Berkalung Sorban is backgrounded by male repressive against women base the explanation and interpretation of the verses from the Koran (Islam religion) that very patriarchal. As for the gender struggle in novel Gadis Pantai is backgrounded by male repressive against women base feudalistic tradition, the woman as private property of man. Standing point of feudalist, tirany, and have not to appraise or to value the women, then respond by women with gender struggle.

This research is motivated by colonial problems in the archipelago that still leave traces of oppression as well as efforts of the struggle of the natives to escape from the impact of the ideology. The trail of colonial colonization that still lags behind creates indigenous groups that become subalterns-isolated, oppressed, and discarded groups. In the postcolonial theory of subaltern Gayatri Spivax it is stated that among the most victimized groups of colonialism are women. Relevant to the issue, this study aims to describe the forms of oppression and the struggle of indigenous people, especially women who become subalterns, against the colonial ideology. Data obtained from modern Indonesian novels are then analyzed qualitatively. Based on the research data source, Orang-orang Blanti by Wisran Hadi, Maya by Ayu Utami and Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer, the result of this research shows that indigenous figures, especially women become subaltern because they are marginalized, economically impoverished, labeled, As well as experiencing sexual harassment. Furthermore the form of the struggle of indigenous women in the face of colonial oppression in the context of the subaltern is to foster the spirit of struggle by recalling the glory of the past, practicing the knowledge gained through modern education, maintaining traditional and cultural values, as well as mimicry