Cultural norms to support gender equity in energy development: Grounding the productive use agenda in Rwanda

Abstract

Changes to cultural norms as a result of electrification can promote gender equity. This paper contributes to the energy transitions literature addressing research complexity from investigating consumption behaviours and opportunities for behaviour change. We ask: how cultural norms influence productive uses of energy technologies and how norms may change as a result of electrification? A scoping and critical review of literature, and empirical study applying grounded theory analysis and the energy cultures framework suggests the value of exploring existing and emerging energy cultures, particularly the nature of material cultures, norms and practices. Qualitative methods used include key informant interviews, transect walks and observation. The application is in the Bugesera District of Rwanda. The main study finding is that there are relationships between mini-grids, fuels, values, beliefs and traditions that influence uptake and vice-versa. The emphasis on of productive use is revisited to suggest inclusion of norms such as Agakiriro — making wealth through small scale business enterprises; Ubudehe — mutual assistance welfare practice; new material realities of the modern Rwandan household; local and international technological innovations; old programs — One Laptop Per Child; imihigo – a tradition of goal setting translating to performance contracts, and Made in Rwanda — enhancing the domestic market through value chain development. Inclusion of gender concerns in the push for productive use of electricity and in renewable energy policy can promote sustainable value chain creation and inclusive business model development. Finally, we reflect on policy considerations for stakeholders working in energy development in Rwanda and elsewhere.