Green economy/growth policies and their implementation in the context of the renewable energy sector: The case of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe

Abstract

In response to the adverse effects of climate change, a growing number of countries in Africa are developing and implementing Renewable Energy (RE) policies as an alternative to conventional energy sources which are known to be the main cause of high carbon emissions.This article focuses on RE policies, their implementation and effectiveness in three countries in Southern Africa, namely, Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. These were selected, because they have introduced such policies and, in some instances, have begun to implement them. The problem that was the subject of the investigation was the apparent lack of progress with respect to implementation of RE policies. An adaptation of the energy transition management theoretical framework guided the analysis. The article is based on a desktop study. Key findings are that all three countries now have RE policies in place though with variations in terms of scope. However, despite the progress made in terms of policy formulation, the pace of implementation has been mixed. The impact on the growth and development of the RE energy sector is still limited albeit with varying degrees across these countries. Of particular concern is what appears to be the limited socio-economic impact in terms of empowerment of local communities and local, small-scale business. Policy gaps also exist with respect to the biofuels sector. The article recommends development of a comprehensive biofuels policy framework in order to address the social and economic challenges emerging out of the production of biofuels. It also argues that the adoption of strategies to ensure RE growth benefits local communities and small businesses. Finally, strategies for the popularisation of RE are necessary in order to promote their uptake by the larger population.