CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid and saliva from patients having peri-implant diseases

Ronaldo Lira-Junior,Carlos Marcelo Figueredo,Elisabeth A Boström,Daniel M Telles,Mayla K S Teixeira,Eduardo J V Lourenço

doi:10.1007/s00784-019-02935-8

Ronaldo Lira-Junior, Carlos Marcelo Figueredo + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-019-02935-8

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Abstract

ObjectiveColony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and interleukin (IL)-34 are growth factors that regulate myeloid cell functions and support osteoclastogenesis. CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant diseases are yet unknown. This study evaluated CSF-1, IL-34, and IL-1β levels in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) from patients having mucositis or peri-implantitis, as well as their correlation to clinical parameters of disease.Material and methodsForty-three patients were included (mean age 61.1 ± 8.4; 62.8% female), 20 having mucositis and 23 having peri-implantitis. Patients were clinically examined and unstimulated whole saliva and PICF were collected. Levels of CSF-1, IL-34, and IL-1β were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsCSF-1 levels were higher in PICF from peri-implantitis compared with mucositis patients (p = 0.028), whereas IL-34 levels showed no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.060). No significant difference was found in PICF IL-1β levels between the groups. Salivary levels of CSF-1 and IL-34 did not differ significantly between mucositis and peri-implantitis. No significant difference was observed in the salivary levels of IL-1β between groups (p = 0.061). CSF-1 and IL-1β correlated significantly in both saliva and PICF. CSF-1 levels in saliva correlated with its levels in PICF. PICF CSF-1 levels showed potential to discriminate between peri-implantitis and mucositis (AUC = 0.695, 95% CI 0.53–0.85; p = 0.029).ConclusionIncreased levels of CSF-1 in peri-implant crevicular fluid, but not in saliva, were found in peri-implantitis patients, which might aid to discriminate the early and late stages of peri-implant diseases.Clinical relevanceThis result suggests an increased osteoclastogenic potential in peri-implantitis patients.

Highlights

Peri-implant diseases are highly prevalent conditions at a subject level, with 46.8% and 19.8% of the individuals with implants having mucositis and peri-implantitis, respectively [1]
This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to assess the levels of the macrophage growth factors Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 and IL-34 in matched peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) and saliva from individuals with peri-implant diseases
It is important to understand the immunological differences between inflamed sites without tissue destruction and those with tissue destruction, to comprehend what factors are more relevant for bone loss rather than to inflammation itself

Summary

Introduction

Peri-implant diseases are highly prevalent conditions at a subject level, with 46.8% and 19.8% of the individuals with implants having mucositis and peri-implantitis, respectively [1]. Peri-implant mucositis is the inflammatory reaction in the soft tissues surrounding a functioning implant without loss of supporting bone. Peri-implantitis is characterized by loss of supporting bone associated with an inflammatory reaction around an implant in function, which may lead to implant loss [2, 3]. Peri-implant diseases result from an imbalance between the microbiota and the host response [3]. The development of the disease is characterized by a dense inflammatory infiltrate in the connective tissue, in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages are among the most abundant [4], suggesting these cells are involved in disease pathogenesis.

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