Abstract
The overtopping phenomenon at the rear side of breakwaters has particular importance in harbor protection. Undoubtedly, this topic needs to be taken even more seriously, considering the sea level rise. The present study focuses on the effectiveness in the reduction of the wave overtopping of a triangular parapet placed on the top of an innovative concrete superstructure. The last is part of the OBREC device (Overtopping BReakwater for wave Energy Conversion), an overtopping structure which is integrated into a traditional rubble-mound breakwater, to convert wave energy into electricity. Parametric laboratory tests, including the influence of water depth, have led to the evaluation of the accuracy of the main literature formulations and to the introduction of a new overtopping formula to take into account the influence of the parapet geometry. The results highlight the capability of the parapet in significantly increasing the hydraulic protection compared to a breakwater with a traditional crown wall. The findings from this work are expected to support in promoting and developing adaptive management strategies for existing coastal defenses and smart approaches in the construction and maintenance of new ones, with special reference to future sea-level-rise scenarios.
Highlights
While the scientific aspect of the climate change was in the hands of a few categories, ahead lies a general page, for whoever is on call, in order to face the challenges in the near future
The wave overtopping for the baseline water level (r = 1.00) was not observed, except for the most severe wave conditions (Figure 8d) during which qrear *
Coastal engineers and researchers have provided their efforts in the investigation of new technologies to harvest blue energies and of new solutions to mitigate coastal hazards due to extreme wave events and sea level rise
Summary
1.1. Motivations and PerspectiveIf it is true that the first two decades of the 21st century will be remembered as those of maximum scientific and political discussion on the warming of the climate system, then the following two decades will probably focus on the options for countering the impact and future risks of climate trends.While the scientific aspect of the climate change was in the hands of a few categories, now ahead lies a general page, for whoever is on call, in order to face the challenges in the near future. For instance, the marine and maritime engineering community is pushing hard to provide solutions in the blue energy sector [1], which could give a significant contribution to the greenhouse gas reduction objectives.The exploitation of energy from the sea though Wave Energy Converters (WECs) is increasinglyAppl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2227; doi:10.3390/app10072227 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci
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