Abstract
Recently, citizen involvement has been increasingly used in urban disaster prevention and management, taking advantage of new ubiquitous and collaborative technologies. This scenario has created a unique opportunity to leverage the work of crowds of volunteers. As a result, crowdsourcing approaches for disaster prevention and management have been proposed and evaluated. However, the articulation of citizens, tasks, and outcomes as a continuous flow of knowledge generation reveals a complex ecosystem that requires coordination efforts to manage interdependencies in crowd work. To tackle this challenging problem, this paper extends to the context of urban emergency management the results of a previous study that investigates how crowd work is managed in crowdsourcing platforms applied to urban planning. The goal is to understand how crowdsourcing techniques and quality control dimensions used in urban planning could be used to support urban emergency management, especially in the context of mining-related dam outages. Through a systematic literature review, our study makes a comparison between crowdsourcing tools designed for urban planning and urban emergency management and proposes a five-dimension typology of quality in crowdsourcing, which can be leveraged for optimizing urban planning and emergency management processes.
Highlights
Emergency management in urban environments is marked by the complexity in the decision-making processes that require a dense set of relationships between multiple stakeholders [1,2].Among a wide range of possible urban disasters, which can affect millions of people in the closer cities, this paper explores the dam rupture example to elucidate how crowd workers can be leveraged as human sensors and distributed intelligent systems able to work on complex problems
This paper extends the results of a previous study [16], which investigates how crowd work is managed in crowdsourcing platforms applied to urban planning
In order for crowd work to be considered to be of high quality, it is certainly necessary that proposed urban planning tasks should be performed according to the aforementioned requirements
Summary
Emergency management in urban environments is marked by the complexity in the decision-making processes that require a dense set of relationships between multiple stakeholders [1,2]. Crowdsourcing approaches for urban disaster prevention and planning have the potential to enable a crowd of citizens to asynchronously build and store knowledge about many issues and actively participate in decision-making by engaging in digital tasks. This organization and articulation of citizens, tasks, and outcomes, as a continuous flow of knowledge generation, reveals a complex ecosystem that requires coordination efforts to manage interdependencies in crowd work [14,15].
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