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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome results from multiple risk factors that arise from insulin resistance induced by abnormal fat deposition. Chronic inflammation owing to obesity primarily results from the recruitment of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into the adipose tissue stroma, as the adipocytes within become hypertrophied. During obesity-induced inflammation in adipose tissue, pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced by macrophages and recruit further pro-inflammatory immune cells into the adipose tissue to boost the immune response. Here, we provide an overview of the biology of macrophages in adipose tissue and the relationship between other immune cells, such as CD4+ T cells, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells, and obesity and type 2 diabetes. Finally, we discuss the link between the human pathology and immune response and metabolism and further highlight potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Highlights
Chronic Inflammation and ObesityChronic inflammation owing to obesity primarily results from the recruitment of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into the adipose tissue stroma, as the adipocytes within become hypertrophied
Research Center for Molecular Genetics, Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Abstract: Metabolic syndrome results from multiple risk factors that arise from insulin resistance induced by abnormal fat deposition
ILC2 has been identified in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of mice, which plays a role in the maintenance of M2-like macrophage and eosinophils to regulate metabolic homeostasis [67]
Summary
Chronic inflammation owing to obesity primarily results from the recruitment of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages into the adipose tissue stroma, as the adipocytes within become hypertrophied. Adipose tissue is not just a storage site, it is an endocrine organ that secretes various adipose tissue-derived hormones called adipokines or adipocytokines. In times of ubiquitous nutritional plenty, as is frequent in the modern day, the energy storage function of adipose tissue contributes to obesity and is involved in various pathologies. Obesity negatively affects adipose tissue in many ways. It impairs its endocrine function, disrupts its regulatory function and adipokine production, and induces chronic inflammation. Inflammatory adipokines secreted from adipose tissue can act on distant organs, such as the liver and skeletal muscle, causing insulin resistance. The chronic inflammation caused by obesity is thought to be the underlying pathology of type 2 diabetes and its complications, such as retinal diseases, neuropathy, arteriosclerosis, dementia, and vulnerability to infection
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